What are the routes of transmission of HBV

Q: What is the target A1C for CKD patients according to NKF KDOQI guideline

A: Chronic kidney disease It is a progressive irreversible structural and functional abnormalities of…

Q: mycin D. cefepime 2g iv q

A: Pneumonia: It is an infection that inflames air sacs in one or both lungs. Air sacs may be fill with…

Q: What is  the clinical manifestations of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

A: Disseminated intravascular coagulation is a rare blood disorder that causes abnormal clotting of the…

Q: Explain why the rate of nosocomial infections is often relatively high in emergency room settings.

A: Nosocomial infection is also called Hospital-acquired infection. It is sometimes referred to as a…

Q: Compare and contrast the aetiology, pathogenesis and manifestations of the two types of pleural…

A: The problems which are related to the respiratory system is quite evident to block the passage of…

Q: Identify two bacteria that can cause dangerous pharyngitis cases.

A: The most common and important bacterial cause of pharyngitis is Streptococcus pyogenes group A (GAS)…

Q: Background of Group C streptococcus in Infective Endocarditis (such as mortality rate, how people…

A: Streptococcus is a genus of bacteria. It consists of virulent species that cause disease in humans.…

Q: What is the main difference between the ABO group and the Rh factor.

A: Blood is classified into blood groups according to whether certain substances are present or not.…

Q: what is the mechanism link between HBV and liver cancer

A: One of the most common risk factor of liver cancer is chronic infection with the Hepatitis B virus.…

Q: What PPE is used when caring for someone with C. Diff? What type of patients are at risk for this?…

A: Protection clothes, helmets, goggles, or other garments or equipment designed to protect the…

Q: What is the causative agent of Lyme disease and how is it transmitted to humans? What preventative…

A: Lyme disease comes under the category of infectious diseases and is caused by the bacteria Borrelia…

Q: What are the biological agents and discuss the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and safety issues of…

A: Tularemia is a rare infectious disease that can attack the skin, lungs, eyes, and lymph nodes.…

Q: What is the distinction between a person who has anHIV infection and a person who has AIDS?

A: Microorganisms are those organisms that are not seen by the naked eye and can be seen only with the…

Q: What are the current treatment options? How efficient is the current treatment protocol(s)? Are…

A: Chlamydia is a sexuallt transmitted disease caused by a gram negative bacteria called Chlamydia…

Q: What best explains pericarditis?     Inflammation of the endocardium     Damages heart valves…

A: Pericarditis is also known as Pericardial disease. It is a condition which affects the heart.…

Q: Patient X is a  66-year-old man who presented with anaphylaxis  3 days after taking Tetracycline.…

A: We have a case of Patient X who is 66-year-old. The chief complaint of the patient is difficulty in…

Q: A 39-year-old man with a history of bacterial endocarditis notices numerous pinpoint hemorrhages…

A: Endocarditis is the infection of the inner lining (endocardium) of heart valves and heart chambers.…

Q: Diagnosis risk for infection aeb fever and abdominal pain.What is the planning for short term and…

A: Infections require prompt and appropriate treatment.The nursing interventions and goals of therapy…

Q: Which among the following is NOT considered a common symptom of COVID patient? Select one: a.…

A: Coronaviruses are a family of virus that cause illnesses like the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome…

Q: 1. enumerate at least two factors that might lead to the development of emphysema.

A: Emphysema is a part of COPD . ( chronic obstructive pulmonary disease )  In this condition alveoli…

Q: Why is it important to know the survival rate for SCA victims decays is by 10% for every minute…

A: Defibrillation is a technique of applying electric shock as a treatment for cardiac dysrhythmias,…

Q: A patient with malaria is ordered Artesunate injection intravenously which should be administered…

A: A parasite is the illness that causes malaria. When an infected mosquito bites a human, the parasite…

Q: elect the four things that are required by the Bloodborne Pathogen Standard       ventilation at 10…

A: ANSWER -   {1} - Latex or nitrile gloves - Latex gloves due to their elasticity and comfort says…

Q: Klebsiella Pneumoniae produces a capsule: How does klebsiella pneumonia contribute to the virulence…

A: Studies have recognised three factors that may mediate virulence: cell wall receptors, capsular…

Q: Why can it be said that respiratory pathogens have exploited aneffective means of transmission?

A: An organism that affects the host by causing symptoms and disease is called a pathogen. A pathogen…

Q: What is the difference between C. diphtheriae infection andtoxemia?

A: Answer: Introduction: Diphtheria is a serious nose infection caused by strains of bacterial toxin…

Q: Why the development of vaccines for HCV is difficult?

A: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) that causes severe lover infections accounts for about 3% of the infected…

Q: When is Pneumocystis pneumonia likely to occur in humans?

A: The infection Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) causes inflammation and fluid accumulation in the lungs.…

Q: Describe several specific precautions that could be takenby affected individuals or health…

A: We know that Tuberculosis (TB) is an infection in lungs, which is mainly caused by Mycobacterium…

Q: What are the recommendations for pneumococcal vaccination?

A: BASIC INFORMATION PNEUMOCOCCAL INFECTION/ VACCINE  This vaccines as the name suggests protects…

Q: What is the pathogenesis of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)?

A: Introduction: Middle East respiratory syndrome is associated with severe lower respiratory tract…

Q: Define hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). What populations are most vulnerable to this complication of…

A: Enterohemorrhagic E.coli (EHEC) is a subset of pathogenic E.coli that can cause diarrhea or…

Q: How does reperfusion injury contribute to chronic wounds including pressure wores or diabetic foot…

A: Reperfusion injury developes when blood supply is restored to a tissue that has been under Ischemia…

Q: Explain how to prevent infection to a patient in arterial puncture.

A: Arterial puncture is a collection of the blood sample from the artery. This usually performs in…

Q: Explain why secondary bacterial infection is common inpersons with influenza.

A: Influenza is a type of viral infection in which the lower respiratory tract and upper respiratory…

Q: Should patients with malaria-related anemia receive blood transfusions?

A: The cells are the primary unit of life. The cells form the tissues which collectively form an organ.…

Q: newly approved agents for Community-Acquired Pneumonia Provide the following MOA, Contraindication,…

A: Organisms causing CAP Streptococcus pneumoniae Penicillins , alternate antibiotic therapy, such as…

Viral Infections

Viruses are abundantly found, minute entities that have genetic material enclosed within a protein coat. The proteinaceous material enclosing the genetic material of the virus is called a capsid. The genetic material could be either DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) or RNA (ribonucleic acid). A virus is too minute to be looked at with naked eyes and therefore visualized with the help of a microscope. They are acellular entities that require a host for processes, such as replication, transcription, translation and multiplication. Plants, animals, and bacteria act as host wherein the virus reproduce. Viruses cannot multiply outside the host's body and thus are considered nonliving outside the host body.