What is the fundamental difference between selective breeding (artificial selection) and genetic engineering in terms of genetic diversity? How would you test for genetic diversity within each population? Explain.
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Genetic Variation
Genetic variation refers to the variation in the genome sequences between individual organisms of a species. Individual differences or population differences can both be referred to as genetic variations. It is primarily caused by mutation, but other factors such as genetic drift and sexual reproduction also play a major role.
Quantitative Genetics
Quantitative genetics is the part of genetics that deals with the continuous trait, where the expression of various genes influences the phenotypes. Thus genes are expressed together to produce a trait with continuous variability. This is unlike the classical traits or qualitative traits, where each trait is controlled by the expression of a single or very few genes to produce a discontinuous variation.
What is the fundamental difference between selective breeding (artificial selection) and genetic engineering in terms of genetic diversity? How would you test for genetic diversity within each population? Explain.
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- What is artificial selection? Provide an example.You are studying two genetic loci that are on the same chromosome. One of the loci is a gene that produces darker feathers in dark environments in birds. The second locus is a gene associated with metabolism. In your research you find that the second locus is not under selection, but the first locus is undergoing positive selection. The positive selection at the first locus is increasing a specific allele at the second locus. This discovery of yours is best described as which of the following? a. Recombinaton b. Linkage equilibrium c. Genetic hitchhiking d. Chromosome inversionImagine that genetic technology advances to the point where the genetic profile of an individual can be easily obtained, and that we have a full understanding of how genes interact to influence our health. Based on this genetic information alone, how reliably do you think we would be able to predict a person's chance of getting a specific disease? Where do you think this type of genetic profiling would lead with respect to selection of offspring or genetic superiority?
- "Ancestry tests" are sold by many companies. There are significant limitations to these tests. Why is this the case? High rates of gene flow between populations reduce the reliability with which any sequence can demonstrate membership in one particular population. Evaluating too few genetic loci, of which just a small number happen to be similar, can lead to the conclusion that individuals are much more genetically similar than they actually are. A DNA match between two individuals living today is not a match with an ancestor. Rather, it suggests that the two people may have inherited the DNA sequence from a common ancestor. all of these are limitations to "Ancestry tests" O High genetic variation among individuals within most populations makes it difficult to identify specific sequences that can reliably indicate membership in a population.Why does stabilizing selection decrease geneticdiversity?Artificial selection is when people selectively choose individuals with a certain desired trait to use as parents of the next generation. It is done to domesticated (or semi-domesticated) organisms. It has produced such monstrosities as bubble-eyed goldfish, revealing the potential for selection acting on heritable variation to produce varieties appearing very different than their ancestors. How is that different from natural selection? (Select all that apply) A- In artificial selection, humans directly cause new mutations to occur, whereas natural selection relies on mutations that occur randomly over time. B- Artificial selection can lead to organisms that would be unfit to survive in the wild, whereas natural selection usually makes the population better adapted. C- Artificial selection is directed ahead of time towards an intentional goal; not so with natural selection. D- Really, they are exactly the same process. Both cause what seems to be design without a designer. E-…
- The agouti gene determines coat colour in mice. Heterozygous mice have yellow coats, while homozygous dominant mice have black coats. However, having two copies of the recessive alleles is lethal. In a population of 2 000 mice, 1 082 mice have black coats. a) Calculate the frequency of each allele. Show all your work and express your answer as a value between 0 and 1 rounded to two decimal places. b) What percentage of the mouse population is expected to be carriers of the lethal allele? Show all your work and express your answer rounded to one decimal place. c) How many mice will die during fetal development? Show all your work and round your answer to the closest whole number.The Human Genome Project has demonstrated that in humans of all races and nationalities approximately 99.9 percent of the sequence is the same, yet different individuals can be identified by DNA fingerprinting techniques. What is one primary variation in the human genome that can be used to distinguish different individuals? Briefly explain your answer.The eugenic movement was created in the early 20th century by Sir Francis Galton. Its aim was to improve the genetic pool of the human population by selective breeding. One idea was to discourage individuals with Mendelian autosomal recessive diseases to have children. However, the fallacy of this idea is shown by the fact that recessive lethal alleles (that are never found in homozygosity) can persist in populations for hundreds to thousands of generations. Which one of the following statements best explains the persistence of those alleles in populations? There is heterozygote advantage in those populations. Recessive alleles keep being produced by mutation. Recessive alleles cannot be selected against when present in heterozygotes. Genetic drift keeps recessive alleles at a relative high frequency in populations. Consider the action of mutation and of genetic drift in a population. What do you expect genetic variation will be in a…
- Which of the following is true? Question 10 options: a) A person's phenotype is a trait that is the result of the environment only. b) A person's phenotype is a trait that is the result of genes only. c) A person's phenotype is a trait that is the result of genes and the environment. d) A person's genotype is a trait that is the result of genes and the environment.You are a scientist studying a population of beetles. Beetle color is controlled by two alleles at a single genetic locus. AA beetles are blue, Aa purple, and aa pink. You count 30 blue beetles, 10 purple beetles, and 40 pink beetles. a) What is the frequency of the A allele? [ Select ] b) What is the observed frequency of the Aa genotype? 1 Select ] c) Under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what is the expected frequency of the aa gentoype? [ Select ] d) Is this beetle population evolving? I Select ]A researcher examines a locus, or marker, in which there is a particular C/T polymorphism in a population of interest. Let’s call this Locus 1. They obtain the following genotype counts in a sample of the population: CC:42, CT:16, TT:32. a) Calculate the genotype frequencies and the allele frequencies for Locus 1 in the sample.b) Calculate the observed heterozygosity (the frequency of heterozygotes) and the observed homozygosity (the total frequency of all homozygotes) in the sample. Ensure that these two frequencies add up to 1.