1 Chemistry: An Introduction 2 Measurements And Calculations 3 Matter 4 Chemical Foundations: Elements, Atoms, And Ions 5 Nomenclature 6 Chemical Reactions: An Introduction 7 Reactions In Aqueous Solutions 8 Chemical Composition 9 Chemical Quantities 10 Energy 11 Modern Atomic Theory 12 Chemical Bonding 13 Gases 14 Liquids And Solids 15 Solutions 16 Acids And Bases 17 Equilibrium 18 Oxidation–reduction Reactions And Electrochemistry 19 Radioactivity And Nuclear Energy 20 Organic Chemistry 21 Biochemistry Chapter2: Measurements And Calculations
2.1 Scientific Notation 2.2 Units 2.3 Measurements Of Length, Volume, And Mass 2.4 Uncertainty In Measurement 2.5 Significant Figures 2.6 Problem Solving And Dimensional Analysis 2.7 Temperature Conversions: An Approach To Problem Solving 2.8 Density Chapter Questions Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1ALQ: a. There are 365 days/year, 24 hours/day, 12 months/year, and 60 minutes/hour. How many minutes are... Problem 2ALQ: You go to a convenience store to buy candy and find the owner to be rather odd. He allows you to buy... Problem 3ALQ: When a marble is dropped into a beaker of water, it sinks to the bottom. Which of the following is... Problem 4ALQ: Consider water in each graduated cylinder as shown: You add both samples of water to a beaker. How... Problem 5ALQ: What is the numerical value of a conversion factor? Why must this be true? Problem 6ALQ: For each of the following numbers, indicate which zeros are significant and explain. Do not merely... Problem 7ALQ: Consider the addition of “1 5.4” to “28.” What would a mathematician say the answer is? What would a... Problem 8ALQ: Consider multiplying “26.2” by “16.43.” What would a mathematician say the answer is? What would a... Problem 9ALQ: In lab you report a measured volume of 128.7 mL of water. Using significant figures as a measure of... Problem 10ALQ: Sketch two pieces of glassware: one that can measure volume to the thousandths place, and one that... Problem 11ALQ: Oil floats on water but is “thicker” than water. Why do you think this fact is true? Problem 12ALQ: Show how converting numbers to scientific notation can help you decide which digits are significant. Problem 13ALQ: You are driving 65mph and take your eyes oil the road “just for a second.” How many feet do you... Problem 14ALQ: You have a1.0cm3 sample of lead and a1.0cm3 sample of glass. You drop each in a separate beaker of... Problem 15ALQ: The beakers shown below have different precisions. Label the amount of water in each of the three... Problem 16ALQ: True or false? For any mathematical operation performed on two measurements, the number of... Problem 17ALQ: Complete the following and explain each in your own words: leading zeros are... Problem 18ALQ: For each of the following figures, a through d, decide which block is more dense: the orange block,... Problem 19ALQ: For the pin shown below, why is the third digit determined for the length of the pin uncertain?... Problem 20ALQ: Why can the length of the pin shown below not be recorded as 2.850 cm? Problem 21ALQ: Use the figure below to answer the following questions. Derive the relationship between °C and °X.... Problem 1QAP: A represents a quantitative observation. Problem 2QAP: Although your textbook lists (he rules for converting an ordinary number to scientific notation,... Problem 3QAP: When a large or small number is written in standard scientific notation, the number is expressed as... Problem 4QAP: When a large or small number is written in standard scientific notation, the number is expressed as... Problem 5QAP: Will the power of 10 have apositiveor anegativeexponent when each of the following numbers is... Problem 6QAP Problem 7QAP: Express each of the following numbers instandardscientific notation. a. 0.5012 b. 5,012,000 c.... Problem 8QAP: Rewrite each of the following as an “ordinary” decimal number. 2.789103 2.789103 99.3107 1.289101... Problem 9QAP: By how many places must the decimal point be moved, and in which direction, to convert each of the... Problem 10QAP: By how many places must the decimal point be moved, and in which direction, to convert each of the... Problem 11QAP Problem 12QAP: Write each of the following numbers as “ordinary” decimal numbers. a.6.244103 d.1.771104 b.9.117102... Problem 13QAP: Write each of the following numbers instandardscientific notation. a.1/1033 e.1/3,093,000 b.1/105... Problem 14QAP Problem 15QAP: What are the fundamental units of mass, length, and temperature in the metric system? Problem 16QAP: Give the metric prefix that corresponds to each of the following: 1000 103 109 1,000,000 101 106 Problem 17QAP: Students often have trouble relating measurements in the metric system to the English system they... Problem 18QAP: Students often have trouble relating measurements in the metric system to the English system they... Problem 19QAP: Students often have trouble relating measurements in the metric system to the English system they... Problem 20QAP: Students often have trouble relating measurements in the metric system to the English system they... Problem 21QAP: The road sign I just passed says “New York City 100 km,” which is about mi. Problem 22QAP: The GPS in my car indicates that t have 100. mi left until I reach my destination. What is this... Problem 23QAP: The tablecloth on my dining room table is 2 in long, which is cm or about in. Problem 24QAP: Who is taller, a man who is 1.62 in tall or a woman who is 5 ft 6 in. tall? Problem 25QAP: The fundamental SI unit of length is the meter. However, we often deal with larger or smaller... Problem 26QAP: 26. Which English unit of length or distance is most comparable in scale to each of the following... Problem 27QAP: The unit of volume in the metric system is the liter, which consists of 1000 milliliters. How many... Problem 28QAP: Which metric system unit is most appropriate for measuring the length of an insect such as a beetle?... Problem 29QAP: When a measuring scale is used properly to the limit of precision, the last significant digit... Problem 30QAP: In lab you report a measured volume of 158.6 mL of water. Using significant figures as a measure of... Problem 31QAP: For the pin shown in Fig. 2.5, why is the third figure determined for the length of the pin... Problem 32QAP: Why can the length of the pin shown in Fig. 2.5 not be recorded as 2.850 cm? Problem 33QAP: Indicate the number of significant figures in each of the following: 250. 250 2.5102 250.0 Problem 34QAP: Indicate the number of significant figures implied in each of the following statements: The... Problem 35QAP: When we round off a number, if the number to the right of the digit to be rounded is greater than 5,... Problem 36QAP: In a multiple-step calculation, is it better to round off the numbers to the correct number of... Problem 37QAP: Round off each of the following numbers to three significant digits, and express the result in... Problem 38QAP: Round off each of the following numbers to two significant digits, and express the result in... Problem 39QAP: Round off each of the following numbers to the indicated number of significant digits and write the... Problem 40QAP: Round off each of the following numbers to the indicated number of significant digits, and write the... Problem 41QAP: Consider the calculation indicated below: 2.210.072330.154.995 Explain why the answer to this... Problem 42QAP: The following water measurements are made: 18 mL of water measured with a beaker, 128.7 mL of water... Problem 43QAP: When the calculation(2.31)(4.9795103)/(1.9971104) is performed, how many significant digits should... Problem 44QAP: You are asked to determine the perimeter of the cover of your textbook. You measure the length as... Problem 45QAP: When the sum 4.9965 + 2.11 + 3.887 is calculated, to how many decimal places should the answer he... Problem 46QAP: How many digits after the decimal point should he reported when the calculation (10,434 9.3344) is... Problem 47QAP: Evaluate each of the following mathematical expressions, and express the answer to the correct... Problem 48QAP: Evaluate each of the following mathematical expressions, and express the answer to the correct... Problem 49QAP: Without actually performing the calculations indicated,tell to how many significant digits the... Problem 50QAP: Without actually performing the calculations indicated, tell to how many significant digits the... Problem 51QAP: How many significant digits should be used to report the answer to each of the following... Problem 52QAP: Evaluate each of the following and write the answer to the appropriate number of significant... Problem 53QAP: A represents a ratio based on an equivalence statement between two measurements. Problem 54QAP: How many significant figures are understood for the numbers in the following definition: 1 in. =... Problem 55QAP: Given that 1 mi = 1760 yd, determine what conversion factor is appropriate 10 Convert 1849 yd to... Problem 56QAP: Given that 1 in. = 2.54 cm exactly, indicate what conversion factor is appropriate to convert 3.25... Problem 57QAP: For Exercises 57 and 58, apples cost $1.75 per pound. . What conversion factor is appropriate to... Problem 58QAP: For Exercises 57 and 58, apples cost $1.75 per pound. What conversion factor is appropriate to... Problem 59QAP: Perform each of the following conversions, being sure to set up the appropriate conversion factor in... Problem 60QAP: Perform each of the following conversions, being sure to set up the appropriate conversion factor in... Problem 61QAP: Perform each of the following conversions, being sure to set up the appropriate conversion factor in... Problem 62QAP: Perform each of the following conversions, being sure to set up the appropriate conversion factor in... Problem 63QAP: 12.01 g of carbon contains6.021023 carbon atoms. What is the mass in grams of1.891025 carbon atoms? Problem 64QAP: Los Angeles and Honolulu are 2558 mi apart. What is this distance in kilometers? Problem 65QAP: The United States has high-speed trains running between Boston and New York capable of speeds up to... Problem 66QAP: The radius of an atom is on the order of1010 m. What is this radius in centimeters? In inches? In... Problem 67QAP: The temperature scale used in everyday life in most of the world except the United States is the... Problem 68QAP: The point of water is at 32° on the Fahrenheit temperature scale. Problem 69QAP Problem 70QAP: The freezing point of water is _________ K. Problem 71QAP: On both the Celsius and Kelvin temperature scales, there are degrees between the normal freezing and... Problem 72QAP: On which temperature scale (°F, °C, or K) does 1 degree represent the smallest change in... Problem 73QAP: Make the following temperature conversions: 44.2 °C to kelvins 891 K to °C 20 °C to kelvins 273.1 K... Problem 74QAP: Carry out the indicated temperature conversions. 153 °F to kelvins 153 °C to kelvins 555 °C to... Problem 75QAP: Convert the following Fahrenheit temperatures to Celsius degrees. a chilly morning ¡n early autumn.... Problem 76QAP: Convert the following Celsius temperatures to Fahrenheit degrees. the boiling temperature of ethyl... Problem 77QAP: The “Chemistry in Focus” segmentTiny Thermometersstates that the temperature range for the carbon... Problem 78QAP: Perform the indicated temperature conversions. 275 K to °C 82 °F to °C 21 °C to °F 40 °F to °C... Problem 79QAP Problem 80QAP: The most common units for density are ___________. Problem 81QAP: A kilogram of lead occupies a much smaller volume than a kilogram of water because _________ has a... Problem 82QAP: If a solid block of glass, with a volume of exactly 100 in.3, is placed in a basin of water that is... Problem 83QAP: Is the density of a gaseous substance likely to be larger or smaller than the density of a liquid or... Problem 84QAP: What property of density makes it useful as an aid in identifying substances? Problem 85QAP: Referring to Table 2.8, which substance listed is most dense? Which substance is least dense? For... Problem 86QAP: Referring to Table 2.8, determine whether magnesium, ethanol, silver, or salt is the least dense. Problem 87QAP: For the masses and volumes indicated, calculate the density in grains per cubic centimeter. mass =... Problem 88QAP: For the masses and volumes indicated, calculate the density in grams per cubic centimeter. mass =... Problem 89QAP: The element bromine at room temperature is a liquid with a density of 3. 12 g/mL. Calculate the mass... Problem 90QAP: Sunflower oil has a density of 0.920 g/mL. What is the mass of 4.50 L of sunflower oil? What volume... Problem 91QAP: If 1000. mL of linseed oil has a mass of 929 g. calculate the density of linseed oil. Problem 92QAP: A material will float on the surface of a liquid if the material has a density less than that of the... Problem 93QAP: Iron has a density of 7.87 g/cm3. If 52.4 g of iron is added to 75.0 mL of water in a graduated... Problem 94QAP: You want to make a rectangular box that weighs 2.0 pounds and floats on water. The width and height... Problem 95QAP: Use the information in Table 2.8 to calculate the volume of 50.0 g of each of the following... Problem 96QAP: Use the information in Table 2.8 to calculate the mass of 50.0 cm3 of each of the following... Problem 97AP: 97. Indicate the number of significant digits in the answer when each of the following expressions... Problem 98AP: Express each of the following as an “ordinary” decimalnumber. 3.0111023 5.091109 7.2102 1.234105... Problem 99AP: Write each of the following numbers in standard scientific notation, rounding off the numbers to... Problem 100AP: For the measurement 0.003040 meters, indicate which (if any) zeros are significant and which (if... Problem 101AP: Make the following conversions. 1 .25 in. to feet and to centimeters 2.12 qt to gallons and to... Problem 102AP: On the planet Xgnu, the most common units of length are the blim (for long distances) and the kryll... Problem 103AP: You pass a road sign saying “New York 110 km.” If you drive al a constant speed of 100. km/h, how... Problem 104AP: Which of the following statements is (are) true? A 1.00-liter bottle contains more soda than a... Problem 105AP: Suppose your car is rated at 45 mi/gal for highway use and 38 mi/gal for city driving. If you wanted... Problem 106AP Problem 107AP: For a pharmacist dispensing pills or capsules, it is often easier to weigh the medication to be... Problem 108AP: On the planet Xgnu, the natives have 14 fingers. On the official Xgnuese temperature scale (CX), the... Problem 109AP: For a material to float on the surface of water, the material must have a density less than that of... Problem 110AP: A gas cylinder having a volume of 10.5 L contains 36.8 g of gas. What is the density of the gas? Problem 111AP: Using Table 2.8, calculate the volume of 25.0 g of each of the following: hydrogen gas (at 1... Problem 112AP: Ethanol and benzene dissolve in each other. When 100. mL of ethanol is dissolved in 1.00 L of... Problem 113AP: When 2891 is written in scientific notation, the exponent indicating the power of 10 is . Problem 114AP: For each of the following numbers, if the number is rewritten in scientific flotation, will the... Problem 115AP: For each of the following numbers, if the number is rewritten in scientific notation, will the... Problem 116AP Problem 117AP: For each of the following numbers, by how many places must the decimal point be moved to express the... Problem 118AP: For each of the following numbers, by how many places must the decimal point be moved to express the... Problem 119AP: Express each of the following numbers in scientific (exponential) notation. 529 240,000,000... Problem 120AP: Express each of the following as an “ordinary” decimal number. 2.98105 4.358109 1.9928106 6.021023... Problem 121AP Problem 122AP Problem 123AP Problem 124AP: Draw a piece of lab glassware that can appropriately measure the volume of a liquid as 32.87 mL. Problem 125AP: Which distance is farther, 100 km or 50 mi? Problem 126AP: 1L= ________dm3= ________cm3= ________mL Problem 127AP: The volume 0.250 L could also be expressed as mL. Problem 128AP: The distance 10.5 cm could also be expressed as m. Problem 129AP: Would an automobile moving at a constant speed of 100 km/h violate a 65-mph speed limit? Problem 130AP: Which weighs more, 0.001 g of water or 1 mg of water? Problem 131AP: Which weighs more, 4.25 g of gold or 425 mg of gold? Problem 132AP: The length 500 m can also be expressed as nm. Problem 133AP: A perfect cube of unknown elemental composition has a length of 1.40 m on each side. The mass of the... Problem 134AP: You are working on a project where you need the volume of a box. You take the length, height, and... Problem 135AP: Indicate the number of significant figures in each of the following: This book contains over 500... Problem 136AP Problem 137AP: Round off each of the following numbers to the indicated number of significant digits. 0.75555 to... Problem 138AP Problem 139AP Problem 140AP Problem 141AP Problem 142AP: A rectangular solid measures 1.0 in by 2.4 mm by 3.9 dm. What is the volume in liters? Problem 143AP: Perform each of the following conversions, being sure to set up clearly the appropriate conversion... Problem 144AP: Perform each of the following conversions, being sure to setup clearly the appropriate conversion... Problem 145AP: The mean distance from the earth to (he sun ismi. What is this distance in kilometers? in... Problem 146AP: Given that one metric ton = 1000 kg, how many metric tons are inlb? Problem 147AP: Convert the following temperatures to kelvins. 0°C 25°C 37°C 100°C 175°C 212°C Problem 148AP: Carry out the indicated temperature conversions. 175 °F to kelvins 255 K to Celsius degrees 45 F to... Problem 149AP: For the masses and volumes indicated, calculate the density in grams per cubic centimeter. mass =... Problem 150AP: A sample of a liquid solvent has a density of 0.915 g/mL. What is the mass of 85.5 mL of the liquid? Problem 151AP: An organic solvent has a density of 1.31 g/mL. What volume is occupied by 50.0 g of the liquid? Problem 152AP: A solid metal sphere has a volume of 4.2 ft3. The mass of the sphere is 155 lb. Find the density of... Problem 153AP: A sample containing 33.42 g of metal pellets is poured into a graduated cylinder initially... Problem 154AP Problem 155AP Problem 156AP Problem 157AP Problem 158AP Problem 159CP: Complete the following table: Number Exponential Notation Number of Significant Figures 900.0 3007... Problem 160CP: For each of the mathematical expressions given: a. Tell the correct number of significant figures... Problem 161CP: The longest river in the world is the Nile River with a length of 4145 mi. How long is the Nile in... Problem 162CP: Secretariat is known as the horse with the fastest run in the Kentucky Derby. If Secretariat’s... Problem 163CP: A friend tells you that it is 69. 1 °F outside. What is this temperature in Celsius? Problem 164CP: The hottest temperature recorded in the United States is 134 °F in Greenland Ranch, California. The... Problem 165CP: The density of osmium (the densest metal) is22.57g/cm3 . What is the mass of a block of osmium with... Problem 166CP: The radius of a neon atom is 69 pm, and its mass is3.351023 g. What is the density of the atom in... Problem 21QAP: The road sign I just passed says “New York City 100 km,” which is about mi.
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What is the speed of light in a diamond, if the speed of light in water is 139, 849.62 mps? *
Definition Definition Rate at which light travels, measured in a vacuum. The speed of light is a universal physical constant used in many areas of physics, most commonly denoted by the letter c . The value of the speed of light c = 299,792,458 m/s, but for most of the calculations, the value of the speed of light is approximated as c = 3 x 10 8 m/s.
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