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Spiral holoblastic cleavage is characteristic of several animal groups, including annelid worms, some flatworms, and most molluscs
Cleavage -After fertilization, the development of a multicellular organism proceeds by a process called cleavage, a series of mitotic divisions whereby the enormous volume of egg cytoplasm is divided into numerous smaller, nucleated cells. These cleavage-stage cells are called blastomeres.
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- 5. This diagram illustrates regulation of the Pitx-1 gene, which is expressed in various cell types • during certain stages of animal embryonic development. Answer the questions that follow: Promoter Coding Region Pelvis Olfactory Jaw Regulatory Segments ("Switches") a. Which portion of this sequence gets transcribed and translated into a protein? b. Which portion of this sequence underwent a deletion mutation in certain species of freshwater stickleback fish? Did that mutation have an impact on the amino acid sequence of the protein, when it was expressed? С. d. If this switch underwent the same mutation in a turtle embryo, how would the turtle's phenotype be impacted? е. Would this phenotypic change in the turtle likely be adaptive? Briefly explain.11) Postpartum estrus (PPE) is the period of receptivity immediately following parturition (giving birth). Select all that apply a) It occurs because the drop in progesterone levels resulting from the regression of the CL release DA from inhibition. b) A mouse can be pregnant and nursing a litter at the same time. If she is, the P4 coming from the CL of her pregnancy will prevent her from cycling from PPE to parturition. c) If a mouse mates with a sterile male during PPE, the resulting CL will still be maintained by the PRL released in response to suckling so she will not cycle from PPE to parturition. d) A mouse that breeds during PPE and continues to nurse the first litter may have a longer than normal gestation due to embryonic diapause. e) A mouse that breeds during PPE and continues to nurse the first litter may have a smaller than normal litter due to embryonic diapause.5. List in the correct order the series of cytoskeletal events that occurs in a newly fertilized egg of the nematode worm C. elegans. Assume that the paternal sperm nucleus has just entered a symmetrical egg cell. Your response should be a five-letter string composed of letters that correspond to individual events, e.g., ABCD. (A) Asymmetric localization of PAR proteins (B) Sperm centrosome nucleates a microtubule aster (C) Uneven first cell division along anterior-posterior axis (D) Loss of Rho activity decreases myosin II contractility
- 12. a. You want to create a genetic construct that will express GFP in Drosophila. In addition to the GFPcoding sequence, what DNA element(s) must youinclude in order to express this protein in flies if theconstruct were integrated into the Drosophila genome? Where should such DNA element(s) be located? How would you ensure that GFP is expressedonly in certain tissues of the fly, such as the wing?b. Suppose you insert the GFP coding region plus allof the DNA elements required by the answer to part(a)—except the enhancer—between inverted repeatsfound at the ends of a particular transposable element.Because all of the DNA sequences located betweenthese inverted repeats can move from place to placein the Drosophila genome, you can generate manydifferent fly strains, each with the construct integrated at a different genomic location. You now examine animals from each strain for GFPfluorescence. Animals from different strains showdifferent patterns: some glow green in the eyes,others in…2. a. You want to create a genetic construct that will express GFP in Drosophila. In addition to the GFPcoding sequence, what DNA element(s) must youinclude in order to express this protein in flies if theconstruct were integrated into the Drosophila genome? Where should such DNA element(s) be located? How would you ensure that GFP is expressedonly in certain tissues of the fly, such as the wing?b. Suppose you insert the GFP coding region plus allof the DNA elements required by the answer to part(a)—except the enhancer—between inverted repeatsfound at the ends of a particular transposable element.Because all of the DNA sequences located betweenthese inverted repeats can move from place to placein the Drosophila genome, you can generate manydifferent fly strains, each with the construct integrated at a different genomic location. You now examine animals from each strain for GFPfluorescence. Animals from different strains showdifferent patterns: some glow green in the eyes,others in…1. Using the data available Using the data available on Moodle describe the phenotype that you observe when each of these three genes is knocked down using RNAi. Remember to compare the worms on control RNAi plates with worms on each of the RNAi knockdown plates. In each case state how do these phenotypes relate to the function of the gene. describe the phenotype that you observe when each of these three genes is knocked down using RNAi. Remember to compare the worms on control RNAi plates with worms on each of the RNAi knockdown plates. In each case state how do these phenotypes relate to the function of the gene. 2. Describe further experiments that you could do that would confirm your findings.
- 1. Describe which enzymes are required for lactose and tryptophan metabolism inbacteria when lactose and tryptophan, respectively, are (a) present and (b)absent. 2. Contrast positive versus negative regulation of gene expression. Describe therole of the repressor in an inducible system and in a repressible system.3. Coronaviruses express a nucleocapsid protein that is needed for propagation, transcription, and assembly of the virus. The nucleocapsid protein must be phosphorylated by a kinase in the host cell to carry out these functions. One such kinase that has been recently reported is glycogen synthase kinase 3 or GSK-3. The following is the 10-letter sequence of the nucleocapsid protein that is recognized and phosphorylated by GSK-3: SSRGTSPARM. Note: pk. N-terminus = 9.3; pk. R = 12.5; pK. T= 13; pK. S= 13; pK. C-terminus = 4.3 a) What is the sequence of the peptide using the three-letter amino acid abbreviations? b) Draw the chemical structure of the peptide when it is at pH 8. Assign charges and label the peptide bonds. c) What is the pl of the peptide? Do not use an online resource to calculate this value. Show your work to receive credit.3) The sex of some reptiles, including the American alligator, is determined by the temperature at which the eggs are incubated. For example, incubating them at 33°C produces mostly males, while incubation at 30°C produces mostly females.Scientists recently discovered a thermosensor protein, TRPV4, that is associated with this process in American alligators. TRPV4 is activated by temperatures near the mid-30s, and increases the movement of calcium ions into certain cells involved with sex determination. The results of this scientific investigation will most likely lead other scientists to hypothesize that * human sex cells also contain the TRPV4 protein 0) the TRPV4 protein affects the growth of plants other reptiles may have the TRPV4 protein in their eggs the TRPV4 protein is present in all of the foods eaten by alligators
- 1. How is PKD inherited? What gene is responsible for the expression of PK enzyme ?what are the protein products of the following gene: enumerate 2 protein products per number X chromosome: 1. MECP2(methyl-CpG binding protein 2) 2. XIAP(X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis) 3. ACE 2 (angiotensin converting enzyme) 4. FLNA (Filamin A) 5. FMRP 1 (FMRP translational regulator 1)Design an experiment to test the hypothesis that the differences in size among adult guppies are determined by the amount of food they eat rather than by genetic factors.
