what would be the polar bears instantaneous rate of increase (dN/dt) if the Polar bears are reproducing continuously with a 2 year time lag resulting from epigenetic factors. the population is 5.9 million and two years earlier was at 4.9 million? would this overshoot K?
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- Assuming that the mutation rate is µ/gamete/generation andthe population size is N diploid individuals, what is the numberof new mutations introduced into the population each generation?Given a population of 10,000 ducks with the following genotypic frequencies : f (BB), black = 0.36; f (bb) white = 0.16 and f (Bb), khaki = 0.48Compute for the gene frequencies of the following : f(p) f(q) 2pqBased on your Figure 3 (i.e. the HF genotype histogram), we would have assumed thatthe increase in the HF genotype would have been consistent (i.e. no variation infrequency) between trials at update 500 due to positive selection using a 0% mutationrate. Why was this not the case? Briefly explain why variation occurred.
- In a large, randomly mating population, the frequency of an autosomalrecessive lethal allele is 0.20. What will the frequency of this allele be inthe next generation if all homozygotes die before reproducing?In the plant Lotus corniculatus, cyanogenic glycoside protects againstinsect pests and even grazing by cattle. The presence of this glycoside inan individual plant is due to a simple dominant allele. A population of L.corniculatus consists of 77 plants that possess cyanogenic glycoside and56 that lack the compound. What is the frequency of the dominant allele responsible for the presence of cyanogenic glycoside in this population?Height in humans is controlled by the additive action of genes and the action of environmental factors. For the purposes of this problem, assume that height is controlled by four genesA, B, C, and Dand that there are no environmental effects. Assume further that additive alleles contribute two units of height and partially additive alleles contribute one unit of height. a. Given these assumptions, can two individuals of moderate height produce offspring that are much taller and shorter than either parent? If so, how can this happen? b. Can someone of minimum height and someone of intermediate height have children taller than the parent of intermediate height? Why or why not?
- What is the expected total time of the coalescent (TC) for a sample of 3 alleles? If there were 5 generations per year and an N of 100, what would be the (TC) in years?Imagine you have a VERY large garden consisting of thousands of red-flowered individuals (recessive homozygotes rr) and just a few dozen white-flowered plants (genotypes either RR or Rr) of the same species. The garden is isolated from all other flower populations. What do you think will happen to the frequency of the white-flowered plants in your garden from year to year, assuming that the two phenotypes survive and reproduce equally well, that flower color is inherited as a dominant trait, and that pollinating insects make no distinction in flower color? Why?The sd gene causes a lethal disease of infancy in humanswhen homozygous. One in 100,000 newborns die eachyear of this disease. The mutation rate from Sd to sd is2 × 10−4. What must the fitness of the heterozygote be toexplain the observed gene frequency in view of the mutation rate? Assign a relative fitness of 1.0 to Sd /Sd homozygotes. Assume that the population is at equilibriumwith respect to the frequency of sd.
- The forward mutation rate for piebald spotting in guinea pigs is 8 × 10-5;the reverse mutation rate is 2 × 10-6. If no other evolutionary forces areassumed to be acting, what is the expected frequency of the allele forpiebald spotting in a population that is in mutational equilibrium?What is the expected genotype frequency of the heterozygous genotype under the Hardy-Weinberg equation P = 0.7?please tell us the expected average time to fixation of an allele at frequency p = 0.5 in a population of 100 individuals, we can safely assume that the allele does become fixed?