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- Describe the characteristics and role of each of thefollowing in the pain pathway:a. nociceptorb. C fibersc. spinothalamic tractd. parietal lobee. reticular formationf. endorphins and enkephalinsThink about this medical scenario and answer why physicians may disregard this common side effect of ototoxic medications. A common side effect of antineoplastic, chemotherapeutic treatment for cancer is ototoxicity, development of sensorineural hearing loss, and tinnitus. Why do oncologists (physicians who treat cancer) sometimes disregard these side effects?A drooping upper eyelid on one side of the face is a sign of possibleoculomotor nerve damage. Describe how a patient could be tested forthis type of damage by examining other oculomotor nerve functions.Describe the eye movements that distinguish among oculomotor,trochlear, and abducens nerve damage.
- Present the rationale of clinical applications of muscarinic receptors antagonists in ophtalmology for refraction testing or for glaucoma treatment.Brown-Sequard syndrome is characterized by all the following, except :-a- loss of vibration sense on the opposite side below level of the lesionb- loss of voluntary movements on the same side below the level of the lesionc- loss of reflex movements on the same side at the level of the lesiond- loss of pain sensation on the opposite side below the level of the lesionParkinson's Disease results in a(n) (increase or decrease) in D1 mediated effects on striatal medium spiny neurons. This results in excess (inhibition or excitation) of the thalamus and cortex.
- Which of the following statements about the eye is/are TRUE? Group of answer choices Parasympathetic (sympathetic) innervation of the sphincter pupillae stimulates pupil dilation. Photoreceptors in the retina are of two types: rods and cones. Eye color is determined by that of the iris. A. Light striking the fovea centralis goes unnoticed and is commonly called the "blind spot". B. Light entering the eye passes through the cornea, anterior chamber, pupil, lens, and vitreous body, from outer to inner.(posterior only) C. Movement of the extrinsic muscles of the eye is controlled by the autonomic (optic nerve) nervous system. D. Because lacrimal fluid ultimately enters into the nasal cavity, people often sniffle when they cry. F. The adjustability of the lens allows the eye to focus on nearby objects.Mr. Joe Smith, 75-year old man, recently suffered a left cerebrovascular accident. He has right visual field deficits and residual weakness in this right arm and leg. He uses a walker for mobility. He takes Metoprolol for his blood pressure and the physician started him on Coumadin because he has recently been diagnosed with atrial fibrillation.Which of the following is true regarding the medial vestibulospinal pathway? O a. It functions in the vestibulospinal reflex O b. The axons travel in the anterior funiculus of the spinal cord O C. The function is to fix one's gaze on an object during head movement O d. The cell bodies are found in Deiters nucleus d. The fibers synapse bilaterally in the lumbar spinal cord QUESTION 6 In the hair cell, which event occurs most immediately following the opening of voltage gated calcium channels? O a. Action potential forms in the cochlear nerve O b. Stereocilia bends towards the kinocilium O C. Voltage gated calcium channels open O d. Stereocilia bends away from the kinocilium O e. Hair cell releases neurotransmitter QUESTION 7
- Riley Day syndrome is a hereditary sensory autonomic neuropathy (HSAN type III). Which of the following statements are correct? Select ALL that apply Have normal tactile sensibility Patients have a flare axon reflex response to histamine injection Patients have a positive Romberg’s sign Monosynaptic reflexes and H reflexes are normal in this condition Patients have reduced thermal and nociceptive responsesA patient is transported to the emergency department following a motorcycle accident. After a CT scan, diffuse bilateral hemispheric damage is revealed. Later results from a speech-language evaluation show that the patient has a strained-strangled vocal quality, hyper-nasality during speech activities, and an effortfully slow rate of speech. The patient would MOST LIKELY be diagnosed with which motor speech disorder? A : Ataxic Dysarthria B : Spastic Dysarthria C : Unilateral Upper Motor Neuron Dysarthria D : Apraxia of SpeechUnilateral Cerebral strokes can cause deficits in motor control, somatic sensation and vision. However, they do not cause deficits in hearing. The explanation for this is: Auditory information does not reach the cortex Auditory information only goes to one hemisphere. Auditory information goes to both hemispheres How are the outer segments of photoreceptors positioned? between bipolar cells and horizontal cells in the outermost layer of the retina in the ganglion cell layer farthest from the pigment epithelium