Why is it necessary for a network-layer protocol to provide packetizing functions at the transport layer? Is there any good reason why datagrams can't be used to transmit the segments over the network
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Why is it necessary for a network-layer protocol to provide packetizing functions at the transport layer? Is there any good reason why datagrams can't be used to transmit the segments over the network?
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- Network Address Translation, or NAT, was used very often before IPv6 was fully implemented as a means to mask IPs, as well as to have many more IPs at one's disposal behind a router. Now that we are fully into using IPv6, is NAT needed anymore? What would some of the utility of NAT be?Data collision happens when many senders attempt to access the medium at once; what protocols are available to avoid this, and at what layer(s) do they operate? Can these methods provide reliable transmission with no chance of collisions? What other possibilities do we have for fixing the issue if this doesn't work?Consider a datagram network using 32-bit host addresses. Suppose a router has four links, numbered 0 through 3, and packets are to be forwarded to the link interfaces as follows: Destination Address Range Link Interface 11100000 00000000 00000000 00000000 through 11100000 00111111 1111111 11111111 11100000 01000000 00000000 00000000 through 11100000 01000000 1111111111111111 11100000 01000001 00000000 00000000 through 11100001 01111111 11111111 11111111 otherwise 0 1 2 3 a. Provide a forwarding table that has five entries, uses longest prefix matching, and forwards packets to the correct link interfaces.
- What use does it serve for a protocol operating at the network layer to provide packetizing services to the transport layer? If the segments don't need to be encapsulated in datagrams before being delivered, then why does the transport layer have to do so?When it comes to transport layer protocols that can be relied on to provide services, TCP is a full duplex option. What does it mean when we say that something is full-duplex, connection-oriented, and reliably delivered?One of the techniques used in transport layer protocols is the receipt of acknowledgements (such as the RDT 2.0 protocol that we covered before). Is it possible for an acknowledgement to be contaminated in any way? What process has been put in place to deal with this situation?
- The ARP protocol should be explained to a trusted friend. Please describe the operational layer it operates at as well as the sort of service it provides to layers above it.Compare the routing protocols DSDV, AODV, DSR with respect to Protocol type, Routing approaches, Routing structure, Route selection, Routing table, and Route maintenance, Operation of protocols, Advantages, and Limitations.Both UDP and TCP use port numbers to identify the destination entity when delivering a message. Give two reasons for why these protocols invented a new abstract ID (port numbers), instead of using process IDs, which already existed when these protocols were designed.
- Comparing the features of connectionless protocols with those of connection-based protocols would be a fascinating exercise.In terms of delivering services, TCP is a stable and full duplex transport layer protocol Full-duplex, connection-oriented, and dependable delivery are all synonyms for the same thing, don't you believe?While developing a reliable transport protocol, early versions of the protocol discussed in class used a NAK message, sent by the receiver to the sender to indicate a packet was not correctly received. This kind of message, however, is not found in further protocols, like GBN, SR or even TCP. Why not? In other words, why don't these protocols provide a way to signal to the sender that the received message was received with an error