Consider a 8-way set-associative cache memory unit with a capacity of 262144 bytes is built using a block size of 8 words. The size of the physical address space is 8 GB and the word length is 32 bits. The total size of the tags in the cache directory is in Kb. NOTE: b is bit, B is byte and 1 K = 1024
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- A ring buffer, or circular queue, is a FIFO data structure of a fixed size N. It is useful for transferring data between asynchronous processes or for storing log files. When the buffer is empty, the consumer waits until data is deposited; when the buffer is full, the producer waits to deposit data. Develop an API for a RingBuffer and an implementation that uses an array representation (with circular wrap-around)A disk has a capacity of two tera-byte size. Say the file system uses a multi-level inode structure for locating the data blocks of afile.The inode stores pointers to data blocks, including a single indirect block, a double indirect block, and several direct blocks in the 64 B of available space.Now, it is given that the disk has a block size of 512 B. The maximum file size that can be stored in such a file system in MB (round off upto 2 decimal places).Create a program in C++ which simulates a direct cache. The memory array that contains the data to becached is byte addressable and can contain 256 single byte entries or lines. The cache has only 8 entriesor lines. The Data field in each line of the cache is 8 bits. Since the data stored in each line of the cache isonly 8 bits, there is no need for a line field. Only a tag field is needed which is log2(256) = 8 bits.The memory array can be filled with any values of your choice. The program should work by taking userinput of a memory address (index). This input represents the memory data that should be cached.Check the cache to see if the item is already cached. If it is not, your program should counta cache miss, and then replace the item currently in the cache with the data from the inputted address.Allow the user to input addresses (in a loop), until they so choose to end the program. The program should output the number of cache misses upon ending.
- Suppose that you have a UNIX file system where the disk block size is 4096 bytes. Disk addresses and file block pointers take 32 bits (4 bytes), and the i-node contains 12 direct pointers, one single-indirect pointer and one double-indirect pointer. Assume an index block is the same size as a data block (both 4096 Bytes). If there is a file having 50,000 bytes of data and it is never been accessed, we only assume the file's i-node is in memory, but none of the rest of the file. If the user process wants to access to read the entire file into the memory, how many I/O operations would be needed? O a. 15 O b. 12 O c. 14 O d. 13A ring buffer, often known as a circular queue, is a fixed-size N FIFO data structure. It can be used to transport data between asynchronous processes or to store log files. When the buffer is empty, the consumer must wait for data to be deposited; when the buffer is full, the producer must wait for data to be deposited. Create a RingBuffer API as well as an implementation that uses an array representation (with circular wrap-around).Suppose a malloc implementation returns 8-byte aligned addresses and uses an explicit free list where the next and previous pointers are each 32-bits. Blocks have a 32-bit header and 32-bit footer, where the low-order bit of the header and footer are used to indicate whether the block is allocated (1) or free (0). Furthermore, the block size (which includes the header, payload, footer, and any necessary padding) is rounded up to the nearest multiple of 8, and this size (in bytes) is stored in the header and footer. Assume any padding must be between the payload and the footer.If we call malloc(1), what block size will be allocated, in bytes? With the same conditions as #1, and assuming we've already called malloc(1), if the heap used by malloc starts at address 0x4000 (16384 in decimal), what address would be returned if we then called malloc(32)?
- Suppose a malloc implementation returns 8-byte aligned addresses and uses an explicit free list where the next and previous pointers are each 32-bits. Blocks have a 32-bit header and 32-bit footer, where the low-order bit of the header and footer are used to indicate whether the block is allocated (1) or free (0). Furthermore, the block size (which includes the header, payload, footer, and any necessary padding) is rounded up to the nearest multiple of 8, and this size (in bytes) is stored in the header and footer. Assume any padding must be between the payload and the footer. a)If we call malloc(1), what block size will be allocated, in bytes? b)Using the same condition, assuming we've already called malloc(1), if the heap used by malloc starts at address 0x4000 (16384 in decimal), what address would be returned if we then called malloc(32)?Create a program in C++ which simulates a direct cache. The memory array that contains the data to be cached is byte addressable and can contain 256 single byte entries or lines. The cache has only 8 entries or lines. The Data field in each line of the cache is 8 bits. Since the data stored in each line of the cache is only 8 bits, there is no need for a line field. Only a tag field is needed which is log2(256) = 8 bits. The memory array can be filled with any values of your choice. The program should work by taking user input of a memory address (index). This input represents the memory data that should be cached. Your program will check the cache to see if the item is already cached. If it is not, your program should count a cache miss, and then replace the item currently in the cache with the data from the inputted address. Allow the user to input addresses (in a loop), until they so choose to end the program. The program should output the number of cache misses upon ending.Suppose a malloc implementation returns 8-byte aligned addresses and uses an implicit free list. Blocks have a 32-bit header, where the low-order bit of the header is used to indicate whether the block is allocated (1) or free (0). Furthermore, the block size (which includes the header, payload, and any necessary padding) is rounded up to the nearest multiple of 8, and this size (in bytes) is stored in the header. Assume any padding must be at the end of the block. If we call to malloc(1), what block size will be allocated, in bytes?
- please give implementation of unsigned int getL1SetID(u_int32_t address){///// IMPLEMENT THIS /////return 0;}unsigned int getL2SetID(u_int32_t address){///// IMPLEMENT THIS /////return 0;}unsigned int getL1Tag(u_int32_t address){///// IMPLEMENT THIS /////return 0;}unsigned int getL2Tag(u_int32_t address){///// IMPLEMENT THIS /////return 0;}In MATLAB, a grey-scale image is stored a a matrix of numbers, all between 0 (black) and 255 (white). Since there are 256 possible values, 8 bits are needed or each pixel, in contrast to a normal integer, which is 64 bits.To save memory, grey-scale images are stored with a special data type, uint8 (unsigned 8-bit integer). In computer terminology, 8 bits = 1 byte. Even at one byte per pixel, a large image can consume a lot of memory. For example, a 1000x1000-pixel image takes 1 million bytes (which is a little less than 1 megabyte, since by convention 1 Mbyte = 2^20 bytes). One technique for reducing the size of an image is quantization - reducing the number of allowable levels from 256 to something smaller. Surprisingly, most images can be quantized by a large factor without losing much information. In this problem, you will quantize a grey-scale image to only 4 levels, so that it could (in principle) be stored as 2 bits per pixel. The template will read in an image file. Your job…Consider a file system that uses inodes to represent files. Disk blocks are 8 KB in size, and a pointer to a disk block requires 8 bytes. This file system has 12 direct disk blocks, as well as 1 single and 1 double indirect disk blocks. What is the maximum size of a file that can be stored in this file system in GBs (round to the nearest integer)?