Metastasis

On comparison of clinical stages, majority of cases belonged to Stage II comprising of 10 (33.33%) patients followed by Stage I in 9 (30.00%) patients, Stage III in 8 (26.67 %) patients and Stage IV in 3 (10%) patients. (Table 6) Bryne M. (1998) suggested that molecular and morphological characteristics at the invasive front area of various squamous cell carcinomas may reflect tumor prognosis better than other parts of the tumor. Several molecular events are important for tumor spread like gains

understanding of various pathologies and aid in better diagnosis and treatment. Cancer genetics assists to improvise clinical outcomes by directing therapy towards the molecular mechanism and targets associated with malignant growth, transformation and metastasis. Cancer biomarkers are substances or alterations as a specific response to that particular cancer and that indicates the presence or prognosis of cancer. This chapter correlated the expression analysis of the Wnt pathway genes to the various

targeting various molecular targets on cancer cells, which have been summarized in our review article about pristimerin [18]. Our previous studies have shown that pristimerin possesses ability to suppress cell growth, induce apoptosis and inhibit metastasis in different colon cancer cells, including HCT-116 cells [19, 20]. These activities were accompanied with down-regulation of the expression of various genes including cyclin D1, Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl, all of which genes are NF-κB-dependent genes [19]

Metastasis causes the most deaths in cancer yet this process remains one of the most enigmatic aspects of the disease. Metastasis has a two-phase process first phase is the physical translocation of the cancer cell and the second encompasses the cancer cell to develop into a metastatic lesion. Carcinogenesis is known as the formation of cancer, were normal cells transform into cancer cells. This process is by changes at the cellular, genetic and epigenetic level. It reprograms the cell to under go

Involvement of phrenic nerve causes diaphragmatic paralysis. N.B. recurrent laryngeal n. originate from Vagus n. The Rt is shorter than the LT as it curves under the Rt subclavian a. but the Lt curves under the aortic arch. Regional lymph node metastasis Into intrapulmonary, hilar, and mediastinal nodal

Aluminum has historically been suspected of being a carcinogen for over a century, so its ability to induce breast cancer shouldn’t be considered farfetched (Darbre, Mannello, & Exley, 2013). It is classified as a xenoestrogen, along with BPA, parabens, and phthalates; this implies that it has estrogen-like effects that can alter the function of natural estrogen, thus contributing to cancer (Konduracka, Krzemieniecki, & Gajos, 2014). Aluminum is not a necessary component of the body, and has been

The development of regional lymph node recurrence is a rare event and is usually associated with a poor prognosis. It occurs more common in young women with large tumors (4). The rate of locoregional recurrence following mastectomy accounts for 9%, while it carries a 1-3% among early stage breast cancer. (17) The PET-CT carries an important role in defining the disease extent in locoregional recurrence and treatment decision for advanced breast cancer. (20-21) A study conducted by Wilner et al. of

cells. Moreover, decreased caveolin-1 expression with stably transfected antisense caveolin-1 cDNA converted androgen-insensitive metastatic mouse prostate cancer cells to an androgen-sensitive phenotype [4].Acordingly,Caveolin-1 was considered a metastasis-related gene as well as a candidate gene for hormone-resistant human prostate cancer. Recent studies suggested a possible role for caveolin-1 in the resistance of various malignances to multiple antineoplastic drugs

human metastatic osteosarcoma or Elevated expression of MMP-3 in human osteosarcoma and associated with tumor metastasis Abstract: Matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3, is one of several matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) family that has been observed in several malignant tumors, including breast, colon, cervical and lung cancers, where its expression correlates with the invasion and metastasis of these tumors. However, the roles of MMP-3 in osteosarcoma are totally unknown. In this study, we examined

in human tumors usually correlate with reduced patient survival (Bingle et al., 2002; Zhang et al., 2012), and studies in mice have shown that TAMs promote important steps in tumor progression including tumor angiogenesis, cancer cell invasion, metastasis, and the suppression of adaptive anti-tumor immunity (Noy and Pollard, 2014). TAMs also mediate or limit the efficacy of various forms of anti-cancer therapies (De Palma and Lewis, 2013). Recent fate-mapping experiments have shown that macrophages