Neuron

magnifying lenses and staining techniques that the nervous system could be looked at in detail (Wickens, 2005). The integrating units of the nervous system are specialized cells called neurons. There are approximately 1 billion neurons in a human brain. What makes them more astonishing is that each single neuron is connected with around 10,000 others (Wickens,

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as Lou Gehrig’s disease, is a progressive neurological disorder that destroy nerve cells causing death of motor neuron cells in the brain and spinal cord controlling voluntary muscle movements. It is considered a rare disease as only two out of 100,000 in a general population can develop it and there are approximately 20,000 to 30,000 cases in the United States (Miller et al 2004). It has also been shown that the disease affect men more than it does

excitatory projection neurons located in each layer. Upper layers (L1 through L3) are involved in data processing and have inter-hemisphere projections. Lower Layers (L5-L6) are involved in voluntary motor function and have subcortical connections. Layer 4 tends to have

lived in a city or been involved with a school project has been routed into a system of people. In a group project each person is given a task to complete that builds upon others to achieve a further goal just like the brain, with each individual neuron connected by a specific task. On a larger scale, the brain can continue on to be compared to the internet, with it being a vast connection of computers across the globe. All of these computers are uploading information, and building to the large network

The present study was established to show revealed the presence of neurochemical and histopathological changes in the cerebellum of rat model of Parkinson’s disease induced by the intrastriatal injection of rotenone. This may change the strategy of the disease treatment that depends mainly on the restoration of dopamine levels in the basal ganglia. The present findings showed the development of hyperexcitability in the cerebellum of rat model of PD induced by intrastriatal injection of rotenone.

“Memories are a way of holding onto the things we are; the things we love; the things we never want to lose.” ~Kevin Arnold Alzheimer’s, a severe irreversible form of dementia, is now a very prevalent issue in the aging population. Scientists are just beginning to understand what Alzheimer’s is, what causes Alzheimer’s and how to prevent it. Although research has come a long way, “Alzheimer’s disease, as science tries to grasp it, seems to slip through our fingers. The complex interaction of neurochemistry

rat to sensitize the regions to light stimulus and target specific channels. This virus expresses a light activated channel ChR2, oCHIEF. By inserting an optic fibre that shines light on parts of the amygdala, they were able to quickly switch the neurons on and off. The conditioned stimulus (CS) was the blue light, the unconditioned stimulus (US) was a foot shock, and the conditioned response was due to the combination of the CS and US. Figure 1. Researchers targeted the auditory cortex and medial

formed it processes information by way of neurons. Neurons are specialized cells that

Aggression plays a significant role in the survival of many organisms. Studies have shown that aggression may be an evolved behavior to overcome certain adaptive problems (Buss & Duntley, 2006; Buss & Shackelford, 1997). Aggression is often used to acquire resources, protect mates and offspring, and to warn off predators and to hunt prey. Even though, aggression has proved to be useful for the survival of many organisms it is still a costly behavior to express. Aggression can often result in the

organized, six layered structure (L1-6) with a variety of excitatory and inhibitory cell types. Excitatory (glutamatergic) neurons make up 80% of the cortex and consist of pyramidal and spiny stellate (granule) neurons. Inhibitory (GABAergic) neurons make up only 20% of the cortex and consist of four different subtypes: non-fast spiking serotonin expressing GABAergic neurons, martinotti cells, basket cells, and chandelier cells (Petersen & Crochet, 2013; Shipp, 2007). The total number of neuronal