bisot 2024 key

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School

Johns Creek High School *

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Course

101

Subject

Biology

Date

Apr 27, 2024

Type

pdf

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BISOT 2024 ANATOMY KEY INSTRUCTIONS: 1. Write your name and school and TEAM NUMBER/NAME/INDENTIFICATION on this exam! 2. There are some bonus/tiebreaker questions, there are indicated by an asterisk *. These will be used to break any ties that occur! 3. Explain as clearly and neatly as possible on the free response sections. If the graders can’t read your answers, they can’t give you points for them! 4. Clearly show the proctor your ONE note sheet back and front before the exam starts. 5. GOOD LUCK! ☺ School Name _____________________________________________ Team Number ____________________________________________ Names___________________________________________________ _____/161.5 points

Circulatory 1. (4 points) What is the main protein of plasma and its main functions? Albumin (1) is primarily a carrier protein for steroids hormones (1) and fatty acids (1) . It also plays a major role in regulating the oncotic pressure, also known as the colloid osmotic pressure, of plasma (1) . 2. (8 points) What are the 8 stages of erythrocyte differentiation? 1 point for having each: order doesn’t matter Hemocytoblast/multipotent hematopoietic stem cell (1) Common myeloid progenitor/multipotent stem cell (1) Unipotent stem cell (1) Pronormoblast/Proerythroblast (1) Erythroblast/basophilic/early normoblast (1) Polychromatophilic/intermediate normoblast (1) Orthochromatic/late normoblast (1) Reticulocytes (1) 3. (2 points) What condition is shown in the EKG down below? A normal EKG is provided below the first EKG for reference. Atrial fibrillation/Afib (2) 4. (6 points) Answer the following questions to the best of your ability: a. (2 points) Why is oxygen so much more necessary to the heart muscles rather than to the skeletal muscles? Cardiac muscle cells rely on aerobic respiration (1). Thus, they cannot incur much oxygen debt (1 for mentioning lack of oxygen debt). When there is a forced switch to anaerobic respiration, lactic acid and rising H+ levels impair heart function. b. (2 points) Explain auto-rhythmicity that is observed in cardiac muscle cells. Autorhythmic cells do not maintain a stable resting membrane potential (1 point for anything similar to “no resting potential”). They continuously depolarize, which initiates the action potentials that trigger the heart’s rhythmic contractions (1 point for anything similar to “continuous depolarization”). c. (2 points) What are intercalated discs of cardiac muscle and what is their importance? Intercalated discs contain anchoring desmosomes that prevent cell separation (1 point for anything similar to “keep together/prevent separation”) ,

and gap junctions that allow ions to travel from cell to cell, transmitting current across the entire heart. (1 point for mentioning gap junctions) 5. (6.5 points) Trace the journey of a red blood cell as it travels from the aorta to the right knee and then returns to the heart. Include the aorta and heart. Aorta (0.5 points) → Common iliac artery (0.5 points) → External iliac artery (0.5 points) → Femoral artery (0.5 points) → Popliteal artery (0.5 points) → Knee capillaries (0.5 points) → Small collecting venules (0.5 points) → Popliteal vein (0.5 points) → Femoral vein (0.5 points) → External iliac vein (0.5 points) → Common iliac vein (0.5 points) → Inferior vena cava (0.5 points) → Heart (0.5 points) . Give points for including structures in the correct chronological order. For example: Aorta (0.5 points) → Common iliac artery (0.5 points) → Heart (0.5 points) would receive 1.5 points even though the intermediate steps are missing but Aorta (0.5 points) → Heart (0.5 points) → Common iliac artery (0.5 points) would receive 0.5 points. Aorta (0.5 points) → [something incorrect] (0.5 points) → Heart (0.5 points) would receive 0.5 points. 6. (3 points) Explain the mechanism of action of angiotensin II in regulating blood pressure and fluid balance in the body. Angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictor and a key regulator of blood pressure and fluid balance. It is formed from angiotensin I in a reaction catalyzed by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Angiotensin II acts by constricting blood vessels, which increases systemic vascular resistance and raises blood pressure. (1 point for mentioning “constricts BV”) It also stimulates the secretion of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex, which leads to sodium and water retention in the kidneys, further increasing blood volume and pressure. (1 point for mentioning both “aldosterone” and “water retention/something similar”) Additionally, it stimulates the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), which also promotes water reabsorption in the kidneys. Through these mechanisms, angiotensin II plays a role in maintaining circulatory homeostasis. (1 point for mentioning both “ADH” and “reabsorption”) 7. (3 points) Describe the role of nitric oxide in vascular tone regulation and its impact on cardiovascular diseases.

Nitric oxide (NO) is a vasodilator produced by endothelial cells, reducing vascular tone and blood pressure (1 point “vasodilation/lower BP”) . It inhibits platelet aggregation and adhesion, reducing atherosclerosis risk. Dysfunctional NO production is linked to hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases (1 point “atherosclerosis” and “hypertension” accompanied by some correct explanation) . 8. (4 points) In the space provided, draw a graph of the oxygen saturation curve for adult hemoglobin as compared to fetal hemoglobin. 1 point for X-axis “partial pressure of O2” 1 point for Y-axis “% saturation” 1 point for 2 logistic curves/sigmoid curve 1 point for fetal curve to the left of adult 9. (3 points) What are 3 differences between cardiac and skeletal muscle? 1 point for any 3 mentioned -Cardiac muscles are involuntarily controlled, whereas the somatic nervous system controls the movement of the skeletal muscles. -While the cardiac muscles are semi-spindle, the skeletal muscles are cylindrical in shape. - The skeletal muscles are tightly bound together when compared to cardiac muscles. - Cardiac muscles are short in comparison to skeletal muscles. -When the skeletal muscles are multinucleated, the cardiac muscles have one or two nuclei. In the case of endomysium and mitochondria, it is dense in cardiac muscles when compared to skeletal muscles. -When looking at the T-tubules, the skeletal muscles contain more of it than the cardiac muscles. Moreover, the T-tubules in cardiac muscles are wider also. -Unlike skeletal muscles, gap junctions are found in cardiac muscles. There is only a common contraction known as syncytium in skeletal muscles.

10. (3 points) A woman has type B- blood. Her baby is type AB+. Explain why this is a problem and explain the treatment for such. If your blood and your baby's blood mix, your body will start to make antibodies (1 point) that can damage your baby's red blood cells. This could cause your baby to develop anemia (1 point) . Treatment: Immune Globulin Injection (1 point) 11. (3 points) A 60-year-old woman presents with severe leg pain, particularly when walking, and a noticeable decrease in the temperature of her lower extremities. Her medical history includes smoking and hypertension. Based on these symptoms, what is the likely diagnosis, and what are the recommended treatments? The symptoms are due to Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD), often caused by atherosclerosis. (1 point- give 0.5 points if they mentioned atherosclerosis but not PAD) Recommended treatments include lifestyle changes (e.g., quitting smoking, regular exercise), medications to manage pain and improve blood flow (such as antiplatelet agents and statins), and in severe cases, angioplasty, or vascular surgery to restore blood flow. Managing underlying conditions like hypertension is also crucial. (1 point for each treatment up to 2 points) 12. (3 points) Pulse oximetry takes advantage of the hemoglobin color change to directly measure the arterial blood oxygen saturation using colorimetric techniques. Let’s suppose a patient came in very flushed, very bright red, and confused, with a pulse oximetry measuring 100% oxygen saturation. Her blood also has high measured levels of carboxyhemoglobin. What could this patient be suffering from? How did you come up with this answer? What are two possible treatments for this illness? Carbon monoxide poisoning (0.5 points) ; hemoglobin has a high affinity for carbon monoxide (0.5 points) , creating carboxyhemoglobin (0.5 points) . Carboxyhemoglobin is bright red (0.5 points) , hence the patient coming in flushed/red. Therapy involves breathing pure oxygen in a chamber in which the air pressure is about 2-3 times higher than normal (0.5 points) or hyperbaric oxygen therapy in cases of severe CO poisoning (0.5 points). 13. (4 points) Classify the following types of tachycardia as having either a narrow or wide QRS complex. Sinus tachycardia: narrow (1 point) Ventricular tachycardia: wide (1 point) Atrial tachycardia: narrow (1 point) Pacemaker-mediated tachycardia: wide (1 point) Urinary 14. (1 point each: 4 points total) State the function/purpose of the following: a. Aldosterone Aldosterone enhances sodium ion reabsorption (0.5 points) in the distal tubule and collecting duct. Also causes increased water reabsorption (0.5 points) as sodium is reabsorbed, water follows it back into the blood. b. ADH Hormones responsible for facultative water reabsorption (1 point) .

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