Lab 4 Cell Structure of Prokaryotes and Eukaryotic Protists, Plants and Animals
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1 Lab 4: Cell Structure of Prokaryotes and Eukaryotic Protists, Plants and Animals Week of October 4, 2021 PreLab-
to be done before you meet with your lab section. •
To prepare for the PreLab quiz, read over the whole lab. •
You may want to refer to Chapters 6, 27, and 28 of your eText for more information. •
Watch this video that describes how prokaryotic cells differ from eukaryotic cells. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pxujitlv8wc&t •
Protists are eukaryotic organisms. They are often discussed in terms of their methods and structures involved in locomotion. For each of the following organisms that you will be observing in lab, list the organelle(s) that it uses for its primary form of locomotion. eText sections 28.1.3, 28.2.2, and 28.3.2 may be helpful
Euglena Paramecium Amoeba Volvox •
When you have finished, complete the PreLab quiz in Blackboard. You may use the lab and your eText while you are working on the quiz. The quiz is due before you meet with your lab section. Preparation •
Read through the entire set of exercises before lab and mark anything you will need to ask about. This will prepare you to work more efficiently in lab because you might not have to read through all the background information while you could be doing the activities. •
Know what is meant by the following terms: prokaryotic, eukaryotic, protists, •
Bring your Biology text or eBook (laptop or tablet—not phone) to lab this week. Chapters 6, 27 and 28.
2 Introduction: This week you will be combining many concepts you have learned and skills you have acquired to make observations of cells. You will be practicing techniques in microscopy; identifying cell structures you’ve learned about through your textbook and in lecture, and becoming familiar with the types of cells found in the organisms we’ll study as we move through the course. Objectives: 1.
Know the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. 2.
Be able to identify bacilli, spirilli and cocci bacterial shapes. 3.
Be able to identify vegetative cells and heterocysts in Anabaena.
4.
Be able to identify the representative protist organisms observed in lab. 5.
Name the characteristic structures and their function of a plant cell. 6.
Name the characteristic structures and their function of an animal cell. 7.
Know the difference between the red blood cells of the frog and human. PROKARYOTIC CELLS: Bacteria and Cyanobacteria Exercise 1: Bacterial Cell Types Bacteria are prokaryotic organisms. That is, they lack membrane-bound organelles (like mitochondria, chloroplasts, Golgi complex, endoplasmic reticulum, nuclei, lysosomes, etc.). Also, they are much smaller than most eukaryotic cells, so we won’t be able to see much, if any, of their internal structure. However, bacteria come in a variety of shapes, which we can see at 400x. Three especially common shapes are rod, spiral, and spherical. Rod-shaped bacteria are known as bacilli (singular, bacillus
); spiral forms are known as spirilla
(singular, spirillum
); and spherical bacteria are called cocci (singular, coccus
). Materials: Prepared slides of: Staphylococcus aureus
Bacillus megaterium Spirillum volutans Procedure: 1.
(Look at the slide before
putting it on the microscope. NOTE the stained area of the slide and make sure that it is centered under the objective) 2.
Examine the slide of bacterial shapes under high power (focus with the 4X, then 10X objective and then switch to 40x objective). 3.
In the spaces provided, draw each type of bacteria.
3 4.
Record whether these different types of bacteria occur in pairs, chains, clusters, or as individual, unattached cells. Exercise 2: Observation of Anabaena
, a filamentous cyanobacterium
Anabaena
is a prokaryotic organism like bacteria. Anabaena
is a filamentous, photosynthetic, cyanobacterium comprised mostly of photosynthetic cells. Sporadically interspersed along the chain of photosynthetic cells are cells known as heterocysts
. Heterocysts have the unique ability to convert nitrogen (N
2
) into ammonia (NH
3
), a process known as nitrogen fixation. This conversion is important because most plants depend on nitrogen for growth but are unable to use it unless it is converted to NH
3
. Soil bacteria are another type of prokaryote that can fix nitrogen. It is not surprising that soil bacteria have mutualistic relationships with plants. Materials: Clean microscope slide and coverslip Living culture of Anabaena
Procedure: 1.
Make a wet mount of Anabaena
from the living culture on the side bench. 2.
Observe the organism under 100x (using the 10x objective) and 400x and record your observations. You will need to reduce light and close the iris diaphragm to improve the contrast to see the organism. Figure 27.14 of your text. Label: •
Photosynthetic (vegetative) cells •
Heterocysts Anabaena
(100 X) Anabaena
(400 X) Bacillus megaterium Bacilli (400X)
Staphylococcus aureus
Cocci
(400X) Spirillum volutan
s Spirilla
(400X)
4 EUKARYOTIC CELLS: Protists, Animals and Plants
Exercise 3: Observation of Protists During this lab session, you will begin to appreciate the enormous diversity of eukaryotic organisms. We’ll begin with single celled eukaryotes called protists. You’ll also look at some multicellular algae exhibiting interdependence among individual cells. For each taxonomic group and representative organism, consider its relationship to other taxa (see figure 28.5), how they live (Where do they live? How do they acquire food?) and consider their structure (What do their cells look like? Are they unicellular, multicellular, colonial?) Located on the side bench, you will find several cultures or specimens of representative protists. They are: The Protists you will observe and the eText references: Euglena
, a flagellate (Excavata) (
Figure 28.10
) Paramecium
, a ciliate (SAR, Alveolate) (
Figure 28.19)
Diatoms (SAR, Stramenopile) (
Figure 28.5 and 28.12
) Laminaria
, a brown alga (SAR, Stramenopile) (
Figure 28.14
) Chaos or Amoeba
(Unikonta, Amoebozoan) (
Figure 28.5
) Volvox
, a multicellular green alga, (Archaeplastida) (
Figure 28.5
) Procedures: For Paramecium and Euglena
:
Paramecia
are heterotrophic protists that that move using cilia. Euglena
are photosynthetic protists that move with a flagellum. Euglena
can be both autotrophic and heterotrophic depending on the availability of light. The internal structure of cilia and flagella is the same. Cilia are generally shorter and more numerous compared with flagella. Materials: Microscope slides and coverslips Protoslo or Detain Living cultures of Paramecium, Euglena
1.
Prepare wet mount slides of the living cultures using a small amount of Detain or Protoslo to slow the organisms. Place a drop of cells and a drop of slowing agent on the slide. Mix them together with a toothpick (your instructor will demonstrate this procedure).
5 2.
Using your microscope focus with the 4X objective first, then 10X objective and then switch to 40X objective. Observe the organism under high power. Use the iris diaphragm to adjust the light. Having trouble viewing, you can watch the following videos: Euglena swimming
: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4MlR3dKfXmc Paramecium swimming at 100X: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MPCQb6HL3Ow&feature=youtu.be Paramecium 400X: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P6oHxbXKILw For Diatoms: Diatoms are ecologically important photosynthetic protists found in aquatic and marine environments. They have a cell wall made of silica consisting of two halves. Euglena 400X Label: flagellum, eyespot, nucleus, chloroplast Paramecium
100 or 400X Label: cilia, contractile vacuole, nucleus, oral groove, food vacuoles
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Question 5
Select the correct statements
An eukaryote organism that is neither a fungus; nor an animal; nor a plant is a protist
Some bacteria are prokaryotes and some are eukaryotes
All bacteria are prokaryotes
All protist are eukaryotes
Most protists are unicellular
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HOINE
THEORY
MEDIA
MISSION
All eukaryotic organisms pictured here are multicellular, while the prokaryotic organism is
unicellular.
All eukaryotes -no matter their shape or size- have one organelle in common. The
presence of this organelle is also the main difference between eukaryotes and
prokaryotes.
Do you know which organelle l'm talking about?
a) Mitochondria
b) Extracellular matrix
c) Chloroplast
d) Nucleus
VIEW THEORY
DELL
FT F2
F3 F4
F5 F6
F7
F8
F9
F10
A
PrtScr
Inser
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G Cindy Nguyen - Life Science Review - Google.
G Cindy Nguyen - Life Science Review - Goo.
STAAR REVIEW CATEGORY 4 7.1
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2 Sha
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7.12D Plant and Animal Cells
Complete the Venn Diagram to compare the characteristics of plant and animal cells by
using all of the words in the word bank.
Word Bank
Plant Cells
Animal Cells
cell membrane
DNA
cell wall
nucleus
chloroplasts
round shape
cytoplasm
square shape
Click to add speaker notes
2
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Is this cell an animal or plant cell? In what type of environment is this cell found? Is there a net
movement of water into or out of the cell? What term is used to describe this condition? Explain
your answer.
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|BIU A v
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Question 9
The domains of life are:
Prokaryotes, and Eukaryotes
Archae and Bacteria
Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes, and Protists
Prokaryotes, Archae, and Eukaryotes
Bacteria, Eukaryotes, and Archae
Prokaryotes, Archae, and Protists
L
A Moving to another question will save this response.
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Need help
In a micro lab there are various staining procedures, different microscopes, and media that are used to grow, test, and view microbes. Imagine you are a microbiologist explaining an aspect of the prokaryote and how to work with it in the lab. The options for discussion are endless, its just a matter of tying the two topics together. For example: for an acid fast cell wall requires a specialized stain, and then a microscope to view.
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9 Schoology
bcps.schoology.com/common-assessment-delivery/start/3274534407?action3Donresun
oading SIM...
M Gmail
YouTube
Maps
DWatch Disney Chan...
11/2-Try It: Microscopes, Cell Theory, and Cell Proc
A hand lens or magnifying glass is strong enough to view cell organelles.
O True
O False
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To relate the topic in our real life situation, answer the following questions.
1. How do individual differ from one another?
2. What are your role and responsibility as a good citizen of our country?
3. How do you relate yourself to prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
4. Why are you unique?
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INTRODUCTION LABORATORY SIMULATION
Labels
Animal cell
Cell membrane
Cell wall
Central vacuole
Centrioles
Chloroplast
Golgi apparatus
Mitochondrion
Plant cell
Rough ER
Smooth ER
PAO
Verify
METHODS O RESET
MY NOTES
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Compare the prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell process in detail.
Protein Production
Transport of Materials
Reproduction
Rate of Cell Division
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
1. How can you associate a cell feature to a certain cell process?
2. Name other distinguishing features of prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells?
3. Make a 4 sentence paragraph stating facts about prokaryotic cells.
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these are the other sub-parts to be solved I really need a good explanation for these questions
8.List contributions to the field of microbiology by Antoine van Leeuwenhoek, Edward Jenner, Alexander Fleming, and Paul Ehrlich.
9.What is traditional Whittaker system of classification? What is Woese-Fox system of classification? What is a taxon? What is phylogeny? How do you write scientific name of organisms?
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Cell Graphic Organizer
Please complete the following graphic organizers to the best of your ability.
• FIRST SQUARE: Put each component's function in the first square. The function is what the component does in the cell. Please be very detailed in your answer and use your book to help you.
SECOND SQUARE: In the second square, please put the type of cell that the component is found in.
Although you could talk about prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes, it would be more important to talk about plant vs. animal cells. Also, if possible, please describe where in the cell this component is found.
THIRD SQUARE: In the third square, please make a sketch of the component. Although we are not all gifted artists, please give this a good attempt. You may want to show where it is in the cell, an inside view of the part, or even a combination of both.
• FOURTH SQUARE: Finally, relate the function of the cellular component to something at FHS. Make sure that the connection is clear and well described.
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Cell Graphic Organizer
Please complete the following graphic organizers to the best of your ability.
• FIRST SQUARE: Put each component's function in the first square. The function is what the component does in the cell. Please be very detailed in your answer and use your book to help you.
SECOND SQUARE: In the second square, please put the type of cell that the component is found in. Although you could talk about prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes, it would be more important to talk about plant vs. animal cells. Also, if possible, please describe where in the cell this component is
found.
THIRD SQUARE: In the third square, please make a sketch of the component. Although we are not all gifted artists, please give this a good attempt. You may want to show where it is in the cell, an inside view of the part, or even a combination of both.
•FOURTH SQUARE: Finally, relate the function of the cellular component to something at FHS. Make sure that the connection is clear and well described.
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14
Question 18
Il Pause
Q Zoom
Q Review /v Finish Te
ABG
Section 1 - Question 18
Directions: The picture below shows cells being viewed through a scanning electron
microscope. The microscope is set at an extremely high magnification in order to view the
cells that are less than 2 micrometers in size. Use the picture to answer any questions that
Which type of cells are most likely shown in this picture?
prokaryotic cells, because they lack a nucleus even when viewed under
follow.
high magnification
eukaryotic cells, because they are round and clustered when viewed
under high magnification
prokaryotic cells, because they are large enough to be seen under a
scanning electron microscope
eukaryotic cells, because some appear to be dividing even when
viewed under high magnification
D
©2021 IIluminate EducationTM, Inc
e 9 0 10:29
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VENN TIME!
Direction: Construct a Venn diagram comparing prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell.
BOTH
Characteristics
Characteristics
Prokaryotic and
Of Prokaryotic
Of Eukaryotic
Eukaryotic
Organisms
Organisms
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11.
The two figures on the left are the plant
leaf cell viewed under the high power
objective (HPO). Label the parts with
arrows and indicate if it is found in animal,
plant, or plant and animal cells. Write the
answers on your answer sheet.
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I need help understanding this group of cells
arrow_forward
Match the statement to the correct cell. (SELECT ALL THAT APPLY),
5points
Animal Cell
Plant Cell
Bacteria
Has chloroplasts
Does not have a cell
wall
Does not have a
nucleus
Prokaryotic Cell
Eukaryotic Cell
OO O O C
O O O O O
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Hello can someone help me with 2 question for my biology class. I really need very clear and short answerat least 2-3 sentences for this 2 question, thats not copied from google.Thank you
1)What does it mean to be eumetazoan?
2)Which animal phylum has bilateral symmetry only in its larval form, and metamorphoses into an adult form with a unique type of radial symmetry?
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Short answers: Be specific and use complete sentences.
1. Label AND give a function for ALL the cell parts we covered in class. You can draw and label the cell by hand,
take a picture, and upload them with the homework. For the plant cell, label what is unique to that cell (only
found in plants). Do both animal and plant cells have a plasma membrane?
O2019 Pearson Education, Inc.
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9 Dashboard | Khan Academy
academy.org/profile/me/assignments/teacher/kaid_739590089772766257492338/class/6752227201957888#
Basic characteristics of the cell
Which of the following statements correctly identifies the name and function of the cell structure labeled X?
Choose 1 answer:
Che
2 of 4 Oo0
ses
C
hp
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1. Identify features that are present in eukaryotic cells but not in prokaryotic cells. Select all that apply.
2. What part of all cells encases the cytoplasm and forms a boundary between the cell interior and cell exterior?
3. What structure is found in plant cells but not in animal cells?
4. In plant cells, what structure lies just outside the cell membrane and provides strength and support to the plant cell?
5. What structure found in plant cells is an organelle for storing water and metabolites?
6. Identify the features common to all cells.
7. Identify the features present in animal cells.
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Name
Date
Cell Structure Lab Report
Directions: Complete each lab procedure in the order it is presented. Be sure to
document your investigation by thoroughly completing each activity, such as filling
in the tables, uploading any necessary photos or drawings, and answering each
question.
Cell Structure Gizmo
Begin by reviewing the function of various organelles in plant and animal cells.
You will record your results in the following table.
Organelle
Function
Cell membrane
Cell wall
Centrioles
Chloroplast
Cytoplasm
Endoplasmic
reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
Mitochondrion
Nuclear membrane
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Plastids
Ribosomes
Vacuole
Vesicles
© 2018 Pearson Online & Blended Learning K-12 USA. All rights reserved.
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Please add draw out the Eukaryotic cell (animal) and include a detailed key that indicates where each part is. I would be nice to add color! It is not needed, but adding references will help more!
Organelle
Model Key
Function
Disease
Reference
Visualized with what type of microscope?
Plasma Membrane
Controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell
Hypertension
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
Nucleus
Stores generic material and controls cell activities
Leukemia
Fluorescence Microscope
Mitochondria
Produces energy through cellular respiration
Mitochondrial Diseases
Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Involved in protein synthesis and lipid metabolism
Congenital Disorders
Immunofluorescence Microscope
Golgi Apparatus
Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for transport
Alzheimer’s Disease
Confocal Microscope
Lysosomes
Contain enzymes…
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The cell has parts and organelles and each corresponding function can be associated with a house and the family members living in it. List down the different parts and organelles of the cell (at least 10) and opposite each associate to the structure of the house and to the family members. The functions of the cell parts and organelles and the roles played by the family members together with the parts of the house can be used to justify the said association. To enhance your creativity you may present the said association into a diagram.
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Specimen Image
Specimen Name
If it is living, is it eukaryotic
or prokaryotic?
If it is eukaryotic, is it an animal
or plant?
Is it living or nonliving?
O eukaryotic
O prokaryotic
O plant
O living
O nonliving
O animal
Specimen Image
Specimen Name
If it is living, is it eukaryotic
or prokaryotic?
If it is eukaryotic, is it an animal
or plant?
Is it living or nonliving?
O plant
O living
O nonliving
O eukaryotic
O prokaryotic
O animal
Specimen Image
Specimen Name
If it is living, is it eukaryotic
or prokaryotic?
If it is eukaryotic, is it an animal
or plant?
Is it living or nonliving?
O living
O nonliving
O eukaryotic
O prokaryotic
O plant
O animal
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Instructions: Strictly, use any word or a 2–3-word phrase to describe and distinguish each term. Do not repeat or re-mention the term asked on your answers. Present your answers in a table.
(per term must be described, so per item/number, 2 terms are described)
endoplasmic reticulum and ribosome
amyloplast and chromoplast
Golgi apparatus and dictyosome
proplastids and etioplasts
thylakoid and grana
desmotubule and plasmodesmata
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The known information pertinent to the organelles found in bacterial cells
Question 35 options:
They are involved in protein synthesis.
They are responsible for ATP synthesis
They are bound by double membrane.
The 80S quantity is associated with them.
Sperm cell's sole function is to give its genetic materials to the egg cell. Hence, sperm cells carry mostly just DNA and hardly have any cellular organelles except for packs of ________________ which fuel their rapid motion.
Question 29 options:
endosomes
Golgi apparatus
endoplasmic reticulum
mitochondria
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- e completion this test can be saved and resumed later. Your answers are saved automatically. Question Completion Status: Moving to another question will save this response. Question 5 Select the correct statements An eukaryote organism that is neither a fungus; nor an animal; nor a plant is a protist Some bacteria are prokaryotes and some are eukaryotes All bacteria are prokaryotes All protist are eukaryotes Most protists are unicellular A Moving to another question will save this response. MacBook Airarrow_forward600 33399O 69000 SCORE: 20 / 80 DAY 1; 08:06 PROGRESS: 25% HE Interact with the LabPad to answer the quiz. HOINE THEORY MEDIA MISSION All eukaryotic organisms pictured here are multicellular, while the prokaryotic organism is unicellular. All eukaryotes -no matter their shape or size- have one organelle in common. The presence of this organelle is also the main difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Do you know which organelle l'm talking about? a) Mitochondria b) Extracellular matrix c) Chloroplast d) Nucleus VIEW THEORY DELL FT F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 F10 A PrtScr Inserarrow_forwardmarks Window Help 53% O A docs.google.com G Cindy Nguyen - Life Science Review - Google. G Cindy Nguyen - Life Science Review - Goo. STAAR REVIEW CATEGORY 4 7.1 Science Review ☆ D ☺ D Present 2 Sha Format Slide Arrange Tools Add-ons Help Last edit was seconds ago Background Layout- Theme Transition 7.12D Plant and Animal Cells Complete the Venn Diagram to compare the characteristics of plant and animal cells by using all of the words in the word bank. Word Bank Plant Cells Animal Cells cell membrane DNA cell wall nucleus chloroplasts round shape cytoplasm square shape Click to add speaker notes 2 MacBook Airarrow_forward
- Is this cell an animal or plant cell? In what type of environment is this cell found? Is there a net movement of water into or out of the cell? What term is used to describe this condition? Explain your answer. Edit View Insert Format Tools Table 12pt v Paragraph v |BIU A v OT A stv MacBook Airarrow_forwardYour answers are saved automatically. Question Completion Status: L A Moving to another question will save this response. Question 9 The domains of life are: Prokaryotes, and Eukaryotes Archae and Bacteria Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes, and Protists Prokaryotes, Archae, and Eukaryotes Bacteria, Eukaryotes, and Archae Prokaryotes, Archae, and Protists L A Moving to another question will save this response.arrow_forwardNeed help In a micro lab there are various staining procedures, different microscopes, and media that are used to grow, test, and view microbes. Imagine you are a microbiologist explaining an aspect of the prokaryote and how to work with it in the lab. The options for discussion are endless, its just a matter of tying the two topics together. For example: for an acid fast cell wall requires a specialized stain, and then a microscope to view.arrow_forward
- 9 Schoology bcps.schoology.com/common-assessment-delivery/start/3274534407?action3Donresun oading SIM... M Gmail YouTube Maps DWatch Disney Chan... 11/2-Try It: Microscopes, Cell Theory, and Cell Proc A hand lens or magnifying glass is strong enough to view cell organelles. O True O Falsearrow_forwardTo relate the topic in our real life situation, answer the following questions. 1. How do individual differ from one another? 2. What are your role and responsibility as a good citizen of our country? 3. How do you relate yourself to prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? 4. Why are you unique?arrow_forwardINTRODUCTION LABORATORY SIMULATION Labels Animal cell Cell membrane Cell wall Central vacuole Centrioles Chloroplast Golgi apparatus Mitochondrion Plant cell Rough ER Smooth ER PAO Verify METHODS O RESET MY NOTESarrow_forward
- Compare the prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell process in detail. Protein Production Transport of Materials Reproduction Rate of Cell Division Prokaryotes Eukaryotes 1. How can you associate a cell feature to a certain cell process? 2. Name other distinguishing features of prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells? 3. Make a 4 sentence paragraph stating facts about prokaryotic cells.arrow_forwardthese are the other sub-parts to be solved I really need a good explanation for these questions 8.List contributions to the field of microbiology by Antoine van Leeuwenhoek, Edward Jenner, Alexander Fleming, and Paul Ehrlich. 9.What is traditional Whittaker system of classification? What is Woese-Fox system of classification? What is a taxon? What is phylogeny? How do you write scientific name of organisms?arrow_forwardCell Graphic Organizer Please complete the following graphic organizers to the best of your ability. • FIRST SQUARE: Put each component's function in the first square. The function is what the component does in the cell. Please be very detailed in your answer and use your book to help you. SECOND SQUARE: In the second square, please put the type of cell that the component is found in. Although you could talk about prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes, it would be more important to talk about plant vs. animal cells. Also, if possible, please describe where in the cell this component is found. THIRD SQUARE: In the third square, please make a sketch of the component. Although we are not all gifted artists, please give this a good attempt. You may want to show where it is in the cell, an inside view of the part, or even a combination of both. • FOURTH SQUARE: Finally, relate the function of the cellular component to something at FHS. Make sure that the connection is clear and well described.arrow_forward
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Molecular Biology of the Cell (Sixth Edition)
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ISBN:9780815344322
Author:Bruce Alberts, Alexander D. Johnson, Julian Lewis, David Morgan, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter Walter
Publisher:W. W. Norton & Company
Laboratory Manual For Human Anatomy & Physiology
Biology
ISBN:9781260159363
Author:Martin, Terry R., Prentice-craver, Cynthia
Publisher:McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.
Inquiry Into Life (16th Edition)
Biology
ISBN:9781260231700
Author:Sylvia S. Mader, Michael Windelspecht
Publisher:McGraw Hill Education