2 Systems’ Summaries
2.1 The Jrpm System
Chen and Olukotun (2003) introduce a new system called Java Runtime Parallelizing Machine (Jrpm). It is dynamically parallelizing sequential Java Binaries’ programs at runtime. The Jrpm system is based on the Hydra Chip Multiprocessor (CMP), which has four processors on a single chip and that supports thread-level speculation (TLS). The system uses a hardware profiler to detect the dependency behavior of original source code and thus, finding the most effective chunk of codes to be parallelized. Chen and Olukotun (2003) focus on parallelizing loop iterations and they use Java Virtual Machine (JVM) to insert the new thread commands without affecting the original source code. Since Jrpm analyzes the
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It ensures read-after-write (RAW), write-after-read (WAR) and write- after-write (WAW) dependencies. Thus, if the new code violates any of the previous dependencies, it would have to take the following courses of action: in RAW restart the thread, in WAR speculate write buffer and commit, or only write buffer in WAW. CMP Hydra with TLS tracks the inter-processor data dependency by attaching tag bits to L1 caches’ data.
In the thread decompositions stage, Chen and Olukotun (2003) use Speculative Thread Loop (STL) which divides the loop iterations among threads. Each iteration in the loop will be executed by a thread. The RAW dependency in inter-thread data limits the parallelization process by causing large overhead when a RAW violation occurs in the end of loops. In addition, hardware limitation affects the process of parallelization when the buffer overflows and the system needs to stall. The local variables’ dependencies in the loop also add additional overhead. One loop level can be active at any given moment if the code has nested loops which limit the gained speed up of the thread speculation process as well.
The process of decomposition is done dynamically using the hardware profiler Tracer for Extracting Speculative Threads (TEST). The hardware profiler plays an important role in their system. It is based on collecting the timing of the data’s “event timestamps” of sequential code
Therefore features such as hardware caching or data dependency optimizations to increase average performance are undesirable in Chimera. Further, inter-process security is also given up to reduce system overheads in performing system calls as all the processes running on a single CPU are meant to be invoked by a single user and processes have equal privileges. Since real time programs are short repetitive operations with minimum dataset and instructions, virtual memory is not required thus eliminating memory management overhead from process context switch operations.
Answer: Thread does not require new resources to execute. Creating a process requires allocating a process control block (PCB), a rather large data structure. The PCB includes a memory map, list of open files, and environment variables. Allocating and managing the memory map is typically the most time-consuming activity. Creating either a user or kernel thread involves allocating a small data structure to hold a register set, stack, and priority.
A multicore CPU has various execution centers on one CPU. Presently, this can mean distinctive things relying upon the precise construction modeling, however it fundamentally implies that a sure subset of the CPU's segments is copied, so that various "centers" can work in parallel on partitioned operations. This is Chip-level Multprocessing (CMP).
6.10) I/O-bound projects have the property of performing just a little measure of computation before performing I/O. Such projects regularly don't use up their whole CPU quantum. Whereas, in case of CPU-bound projects, they utilize their whole quantum without performing any blocking I/O operations. Subsequently, one could greatly improve the situation utilization of the computer’s assets by giving higher priority to I/O-bound projects and permit them to execute in front of the CPU-bound
Dhrystone is especially designed to estimate integer performance of a processor based systems. A particular dhrystone score mentions number of times a fundamental function of a dhrystone source code is executed per second. Better this score is, the better is the performance of a processor. To calculate time taken by a dhrystone fundamental function, dhrystone uses standard “times(2)” function by default. However, “times(2)” provides time values in terms of processor clocks consumed. To have this value in seconds dhrystone also requires specification of clock rate used by a processor. Therefore, it is a convention to provide dhrystone score with a clock rate. However, there is no need of specifying clock rate, if the time calculations are performed using standard “time(NULL)” function. For emulators, time calculations are done using standard “time(NULL)” function. Hence, in this report no clock rates are specified with dhrystone scores associated with
Ans: Concurrency is a condition that comes into existence when there is a minimum of two threads are making progress. A more summed up form of Parallelism that can include time-slicing as a form of virtual parallelism.''
Short-term: First it selects a process that’s already in memory and ready to execute. Then it allocates the CPU to it.
The processor (otherwise known as CPU) is the very soul and performance core of the computer system; it is what allows the operating system and other software applications to-run. Every program demands dedication from the processor to decode commands that are then actionedinside the CPU to make them work.When a program is running, the CPU has to make every command work consistently one after the other. However, modern processors have the power to process commands side by side. This means that the quicker the commands are executed, the quicker the program responds to the user. Central Processing Units (CPUs) play an important role when it comes to maintaining
We implement XXX as a framework with both single core and multi-core versions in an objective-oriented language. A topology can be built by declaring the connections
Memory segmentation is the division of a computer's primary memory information into sections. Segments are applied in object records of compiled programs when linked together into a program image and when the image is loaded into the memory. Segmentation sights a logical address as a collection of segments. Each segment has a name and length. With the addresses specifying both the segment name and the offset within the segment. Therefore the user specifies each address by two quantities: a segment name and an offset. When compared to the paging scheme, the user specifies a single address, which is partitioned by the hardware into a page number and an offset, all invisible to the programmer. Memory segmentation is more visible
Since the invention of the first computer, engineers have been conceptualizing and implementing ways to optimize system performance. The last 25 years have seen a rapid evolution of many of these concepts, particularly cache memory, virtual memory, pipelining, and reduced set instruction computing (RISC). Individual each one of these concepts has helped to increase speed and efficiency thus enhancing overall system performance. Most systems today make use of many, if not all of these concepts. Arguments can be made to support the importance of any one of these concepts over one
Systems theory: a scientific/philosophical approach and set of concepts, rather than a theory, for the transdisciplinary study of complex phenomena. It was first proposed by the biologist Ludwig von Bertalanffy in the 1940's (anthology: "General Systems Theory", 1968), as a reaction against scientific reductionism*. Rather than reducing a phenomenon (say, the human body) to a collection of elements or parts (say, the organs or cells), systems theory focuses on the relations and interactions between the parts, which connect them into a whole (see holism*). The particular arrangement of
Reductionism refers to breaking down complex systems into simple components and understanding complex theories by simple principles.
5. When the processing is complete the CPU reloads the previously suspended program’s registers/commands/data, and processing continues from where it left off.
Instruction-level parallelism(or we call it ILP) is a form of parallel operation or calculation which allows program to perform multiple instructions at one time. Thus it is also a measurement to describe the amount of instruction per unit time.We will explore the LIP from an overall view to the several specific methods to exploit it. ILP is a measure of how many of the instructions in a computer program can be executed simultaneously. When exploiting instruction-level parallelism, goal is to maximize CPI. As for how much ILP exists in programs is very application specific. In certain fields, like graphics and scientific computing the amount can be very large while workloads such as cryptography may exhibit much less parallelism. Micro-architectural techniques that are used to exploit ILP include instruction pipelining, superscalar execution, register renaming, and so on.