In this section, we review three recent research articles that address different aspects of the elasticity problem in the cloud, which can be used to improve cloud elasticity. In the first paper, Islam et al. [3] proposed ways to quantify the elasticity concept in a cloud for a consumer. In the second paper, Nguyen et al. [13] proposed an elastic resource scaling system for IaaS cloud providers to predict the future resource needs of a cloud application. In the third paper, Han et al. [14] proposed an elastic scaling approach to detect and analyze bottlenecks within multi-tier cloud applications. In the following sections, we summarize and critique these articles and then synthesize the articles. 3.1 How a consumer can measure elasticity for cloud platform 3.1.1 Summary In the paper [3], the authors propose a way for consumers to measure the elasticity properties of different cloud platforms. The objective of the research is to help a consumer to measure and compare elasticity of cloud providers (e.g., how elastic is Amazon EC2 compared to Microsoft Azure) using the available information provided through cloud platform’s API. The authors defined the elasticity metrics based on financial penalties for over-provisioning and under-provisioning of the cloud resources. Over-provisioning is a state when a consumer is paying more than necessary for the allocated resources to support a workload while the costs for under-provisioning is the result of unacceptable latency or unmet
Reordering the economics of software, cloud computing is alleviating many of the capital expenses (CAPEX), inflexibility of previous-generation software platforms, and inability of on-premise applications to be customized on an ongoing basis to evolving customer needs. These are the three top factors of many that are driving the adoption of cloud computing technologies in enterprises today. Implicit in the entire series of critical success factors that are forcing the migration of on-premise to cloud computing platforms is the greater agility and speed the latter platform offers. Line-of-business executives today are increasingly defining the priorities of IT departments, often also defining budgeting cycles as well. Their primary concern is ability able to quickly get up and running on a new enterprise application, integrating its workflows into existing legacy and 3rd party systems, databases and applications, while also getting the performance gains of the new software (Bentley, 2008). Due to these factors cloud computing is evolving rapidly, changing the economics of enterprise software especially. Large-scale systems are most often purchased using Capital Expense (CAPEX) budgeting processes that often take several months ot over a year to complete. Often CAPEX-based spending on enterprise software also requires the board of directors for a company to authorize spending large amounts on new
Cloud computing is the answer for “affordable” business technology platforms. It is a more affordable solution for media content than any other medium, and this is why Netflix, Amazon.com, and Apple are among the leaders in cloud usage and development. Ultimately cloud computing will be the primary way data services are accessed by businesses and consumers alike. Marston, Li, Bandyopadhyay, Zhang, and Ghalsasi 2009 conclude cloud computing offers companies the opportunity to deploy cutting edge IT services without the enormous upfront costs that deter so many organizations from making the investment in infrastructure. Now that affordable solutions are becoming more readily available it is likely that more small and
Cloud computing is a new way of delivering computing resources, not a new technology. Computing services ranging from data storage and processing to software, such as email handling, are now available instantly, commitment-free and on-demand. Since we are in a time of belt-tightening, this new economic model for computing has found fertile ground and is seeing massive global investment. According to IDC’s analysis, the worldwide forecast for cloud services in 2009 will be in the order of $17.4bn1. The estimation for 2013 amounts to $44.2bn, with the European market ranging from €971m in 2008 to €6,005m in 2013 2. The key conclusion of ENISA’s 2009 paper on Cloud
A cloud market, consists of different kinds of clouds like computing, storage, and deliver content clouds, be available to end users and businesses. Users can interact with the cloud market, either transparently, using applications that take advantage of the clouds, or expressly, by providing resources and applications in accordance to the needs of the application.
PAPER 1: An Analysis of Public Cloud Elasticity in the Execution of Scientific Applications: A Survey
The main driving forces of cloud data storage are reputable companies such as Amazon and Google building comprehensive computing infrastructures (Google, 2009). These infrastructures are removing the complexity of in-house data storage and ultimately reducing costs of limited networked data centres (Hitachi, 2010). The traditional inefficient model of purchasing servers every time you need to accommodate for high use or growth is now being replaced by internet based systems that replicate your data centres but without the big overheads (Google, 2009). This flexibility assists in the ever changing business world and its continuous improvement initiatives to remove waste, improve efficiency, and ultimately reduce costs. Another key driving
IT departments and infrastructure providers are under increasing pressure to provide computing infrastructure at the lowest possible cost. In order to do this, the concepts of resource pooling, virtualization, dynamic provisioning, utility and commodity computing must be leveraged to create a public or private cloud that meets these needs. Cloud computing is a general term for anything that involves delivering hosted services over the Internet. This provides the smaller
The public cloud is a deployment model where cloud services are provided over a public network, such as the internet, by a third-party provider. Examples of public cloud services include Dropbox, Gmail and Twitter. By definition, most SaaS applications operate under the public cloud deployment model. One of the primary advantages of public cloud is its attractive pricing model. The organisation is typically charged a subscription fee for access to the cloud services, paying only for the number of users required, this removes the need for business to manage software licences (Savvas [Online], 2014). However, security conscious organisations requiring a SaaS solution may opt for a private cloud segregated from public networks. There are obvious security concerns involved in exposing a SaaS application to a public network. However, there are concrete steps an organisation can take to reduce the risk incurred with public cloud deployments. Many public cloud SaaS providers offer two-factor authentication, requiring an additional level of verification before the user’s credentials are accepted. This is typically achieved using an authentication code in the form of a text message sent to the user’s registered mobile number. Furthermore, organisations should develop and maintain a culture of cyber security, enforce best practices such as creating strong passwords and training staff in phishing awareness.
The current scenario in cloud computing has evolved from traditional need of cloud platforms as a single platform of data storage and virtual machines to Software as a Service (SaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS) and Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS). Due to growth in availability of number of cloud providers in the market, providers are facing intense pressure of competition for providing best prices and complement it with the best Quality of Service(QoS). QoS is dependent on various factors like latency, acceptance rate as well as reliability. Cloud providers must meet all these requirements and keeping the running costs as low as possible. The pattern of access to these services varies depending on the time of access.
Applications in today’s world consume resources on a wide variety of scale, one application could be CPU based while another could be network based which mean each application would saturate a few resources and under-utilize a few. With cloud computing, Pay as you go enables you to pay only for the utilized. For example, an application consumes only 50% of the processing power; you need not pay for the entire set of machines and would only pay for the utilized rate and cloud providers offer competitive prices today. To add to it operating costs like building space, power, cooling, maintenance of servers and network will be on the cloud service provider. The installation, upgrades and patches are easily done as cloud provider usually relies on virtual machines instead of physical equipment.
While the public cloud has many potential advantages there are several factors that affect the overall success of cloud computing. Customer is considering the migration of some workloads to a cloud provider, and they seek knowledge and experience with assessing the fit and feasibility of these applications.
Cloud computing has rapidly increased their services for IT infrastructures solutions in the last years, reducing cost of investment of supplies and maintenance becoming a promising concept in the business and IT industry. The cloud provides shared data center, automatic upgrades, security and performance. However, cloud’s safety and standardization have been a challenge when different types of clouds need to be connected. Resource management issues as Quality of service (QoS) and the increasing of complexity and functionality failures are a constant in cloud computing environments, and should be considered by customer when looking for cloud solutions to adapt their organization’s requirements. This paper will explain the
With such a tantalizing assortment of clouds to choose from—and the low barrier to entry—enterprises may consider trying them all, placing different workloads with different providers. But enterprises that go this route soon discover that the
Then the characteristic of resource pooling. This allows a provider a plethora of computing resources such as data storage & processing. Rapid elasticity is the next and is best described as a network that expands or decreases, in some cases, automatically to meet the needs of a customer. Finally, measured service is cloud computing resource usage can be measured, described as providing transparency for the provider and consumer. Cloud computing services use a metering capability which permits it to control and enhance resource use. The more you utilize the higher the bill.
Cloud servers and applications are a great option to optimize IT performance without the huge costs associated with purchasing and managing a fully dedicated infrastructure. Many small and mid-sized businesses, and those with variable demands and workloads, find that cloud servers and application meet their needs effectively. Cloud servers can be configured to provide levels of performance, security, and control like those of a dedicated server. But instead of being hosted on physical hardware that’s solely dedicated to a task, they reside in a shared “virtualized” environment that’s managed by cloud hosting provider. Company benefit from the economies of scale of sharing hardware with other customers. With cloud servers, only payment