Apical Periodontitis Essay

If left untreated, pulp infection can lead to abscess, destruction of bone, and systemic infection (Cawson et al. 1982; USDHHS 2000). Various sources have concluded that water fluoridation has been an effective method for preventing dental decay (Newbrun 1989; Ripa 1993; Horowitz 1996; CDC 2001; Truman et al. 2002). Water fluoridation is supported by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) as one of the 10 great public health achievements in the United States, because of its role in reducing tooth decay in children and tooth loss in adults (CDC 1999). Each U.S. Surgeon General has endorsed water fluoridation over the decades it has been practiced, emphasizing that “[a] significant advantage of water fluoridation is that all residents of a community can enjoy its protective benefit…. A person’s income level or ability to receive dental care is not a barrier to receiving fluoridation’s health benefits” (Carmona 2004). As noted earlier, this report does not evaluate nor make judgments about the benefits, safety, or efficacy of artificial water fluoridation. That practice is reviewed only in terms of being a source of exposure to

Infection control is a central concept to every practice of health care providers. Its main objective is to prevent the transmission of infectious diseases from both patients and health personnel (Martin et al., 2010). In dental clinic, infection control is a continuous concern for its professionals. They have to contact patients routinely and be exposed to their blood, saliva, dental plaque and pus that may contain infectious pathogens. It is important for the dental professionals to treat these fluids as if they are infectious and special precautions must be taken to handle them. In this essay, I will highlight the scope of infection control practices in dental clinics and the ways through which infectious microorganisms are transmitted

     Periodontal disease is more commonly known as gum disease or gingivitis. This infection is serious enough, that it can lead to tooth loss if left untreated. This chronic infection starts around the tooth and it affects the supporting bone and gums. Periodontal disease can affect anywhere from one tooth to all thirty-two teeth. The disease pathology starts with the plaque that builds up on your teeth everyday.

Infections originating from teeth or their supporting structures, known as odontogenic infections, are among the most common diseases in the oral and maxillofacial region, especially in developing countries. Previously, before the advent of antibiotics, tonsillar and peritonsillar infections were the source of infection in 70% cases of DNSI7; but now the most common cause is considered to be dental in origin. DNSI are usually polymicrobial in nature. Streptococci, Peptostreptococcus species, Staphylococcus aureus, and anaerobes are the most commonly cultured organisms from DNSI. Clinical manifestations of DNSI depend on the spaces involved, and include pain, fever, malaise, fatigue, swelling, odynophagia, dysphagia, trismus, dysphonia, otalgia, and dyspnea. Potentially life-threatening complications have been reported to occur at a rate of 10% to 20%, even in recent literature on DNSI cases.Common and potentially

Root canal treatment usually fails when treatment falls short of usual standards. The causes of failure of initial endodontic therapy include intraradicular and extraradicular causes. Many of the teeth undergoing root canal treatment do not respond to initial therapy due to intraradicular causes i.e. procedural errors that prevent the control and prevention of intracanal endodontic infection. The procedural errors include poor access cavity design, untreated canals (both major and accessory), poor cleaning and obturation, complication of instrumentation (ledges, perforations or separated instruments), overextension of root filling materials and coronal leakage.5 Extraradicular causes of endodontic failures include periapical actinomycosis,

Periodontitis is an infectious disease that affects all organs of the tooth structure: gums, root surface, bone and ligaments that tooth is attached to the bone. Periodontitis begins inconspicuously as gingivitis, which is manifested mainly by bleeding. Later, the inflammation spreads to the depth and results in a progressive loss of bone. Gums begin to recede, the roots of the teeth is exposed arise periodontal swelling and pus. Teeth start to wobble, spacing and release. The decisive factor is the quality of oral hygiene, not

RESULTS: Out of the 10 cases, only 2 cases could be supported with a microbial evaluation. The remaining 8 cases were clinically and radiologically suggestive of Aggressive Periodontitis.

infection.(1–3) Students and clinicians need to understand that long-term clinical success of these teeth requires

Gingivitis and periodontitis are among the most common infectious diseases in human beings which results in bone loss, tooth loosening and eventually tooth loss. Although periodontopathic bacteria are the primary etiological agents in periodontal disease, the ultimate determinant of disease progression and clinical outcome is the host's immune response(1). Lymphocyte blastogenesis studies of peripheral blood from patients with periodontal disease also suggested the involvement of cell-mediated immunity(2). The inflammatory response in children is different from that of adults. The most prevalent type of gingival disease in childhood is chronic marginal gingivitis which is characterized by an infiltrate consisting mostly of T lymphocytes and

faecalis is the most dominant post-treatment microbe isolated in apical periodontitis and has often been isolated from the root canal in pure cultures. Prevalence of this bacterial infection ranges from 24% to 77% in asymptomatic persistent endodontic infections. E. faecalis are frequently isolated from obturated root canals of teeth that exhibit chronic periapical pathology. E.faecalis, intrinsically or via acquisition, may be resistant to a wide range of antibiotics which, if used may shift the micro biota in favor of E.faecalis.4 Over the past decade oral microbiota have shown resistance to some the commonly used antibiotics which in turn increases the need for monitoring susceptibility patterns periodically by using susceptibility tests and various efficacy

Dentistry is defined as the science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases of the teeth, gums, and related structures of the mouth including the repair or replacement of defective tissue. (American Dental Association). What people do not know is how virtually every disease that one acquires or develops can be identified primarily in the mouth first. Dentist and Dental Hygienist are educated to be able to recognize what are variants of normal and what are not. There are several diseases all with different or similar appearances, symptoms, and side effects. This paper is going to be focusing on one particular infection, Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis and how it is developed and treated.

Hello, I am an Treponema Denticola, a gram-negative bacterium. I am from Spirochetes family. I am slim and curved; therefore, not to lose shape, I always move. My home is oral cavity because temperature and pH level in oral cavity is optimal for me. The normal temperature at which I can exist is ranged between 32-42°C, and pH level is ranged between 6.5-8.0. I love darkness where is no oxygen because I am an anaerobic microorganism, so I settle down deep to periodontium. If I have great conditions to grow and multiply in oral cavity, I can cause several periodontal diseases such as periodontitis, necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis, and acute pericoronitis.

Bacteria are the primary causative agents in pulpal and periapical pathosis. The challenge of non- surgical endodontic treatment is to achieve total disinfection and elimination of bacteria from the root canal system.The elimination of infection would seem to be a worthy goal, since research has shown that the absence of infection before obturation of a tooth undergoing endodontic treatment results in a higher success rate.(21)

In addition to the acquirement of the patient’s medical history, the diagnostic measures taken to identify pseudomembranous candidiasis are through clinical examination, microscopic evaluation, and therapeutic agents (Ibsen & Phelan, 2014). These therapeutic recommendations consist of good and thorough oral hygiene care practices such as using antifungals or antimicrobial mouthwashes including chlorhexidine gluconate, triclosan, and essential oil formulation. These types of mouthrinses have a disruptive, anti-candidal activity. Tooth brushing with a powered toothbrush can also aid in disrupting Candida biofilms and are found to be more effective than manual tooth brushing (Willams & Lewis, 2011; Patil et al., 2015).

In the oral cavity, therapeutic edentulation, a treatment in which treating chronic diseases caused for tonsillectomies or tooth extractions, sometimes taking all a patient 's teeth, was common as a result of the popularity of the focal infection theory. The theory of focal infection stated that center of sepsis were responsible for the initiation and progression of a variety of inflammatory diseases such as arthritis, peptic ulcers, and appendicitis (7). A countless number of teeth were removed due to this theory, even if there was no true evidence of an infection and generally resulted in the initial symptoms of patients never being relieved and the discrediting of theory. Recent progress in classification and identification of oral microorganisms, and the realization that certain microorganisms are normally found only in the oral cavity, have opened the way for a more realistic assessment of the importance of oral focal infection. It has become increasingly clear that the oral cavity can act as the site of origin for spreading of pathogenic organisms.