Different Theories of Motivation

Motivation is the desire or want to do things. It is the psychological reason behind wanting or achieving something. In our daily lives, motivation plays a key part in how we operate at work, at home, and even in our leisure activities. Without motivation we would have trouble getting tasks completed.

A positive motivation philosophy and practice should improve "productivity, quality and service." Motivation helps people to:

Motivation is an important aspect of all organizations today if they are to be competitive it helps

Motivation is a theoretical construct used to explain individual’s internal drive that alters their behaviors (Martinez, 2010). Motivation involves biological, emotional, social, and cognitive forces that activate behavior (Martinez, 2010). There are several reasons why a person does something. For example individuals are motivated due to food, water, sexual desires, biological needs, and learning. A motive is what stimulates an individual to respond in a certain manner or develop a specific behavior (Martinez, 2010).

When people are intrinsically motivated they tend be more aware of what they are doing, while giving careful attention to complexities, inconsistencies, novel events and unexpected possibilities. They need time and

Without motivation, a person might never get out of bed because for the average person, motivation is behind every single action. For psychologists, motivation means much more than that, too, as it is important to understand human motivation to understand human behavior. Motivation can be studied from a variety of psychological schools of thought including behaviorism, cognition, psychoanalysis, humanism, and cognitive-behavioral theory. There are many theories of motivation that can help psychologists to understand how motivation works, why we have it, and how to manipulate it in order to create a desired behavioral change. Motivation theories can be applied to any field or area of psychology including marketing.

Motivation can be described as the needs and wants that guide our behaviour towards a goal or purpose. Motivation can also be seen as a movement to a behaviour, or a cause to repeat a certain behaviour (Rani & Sameer, 2012). Three stand-out theories of motivation are the Drive-Reduction theory, the Incentive theory, and the Evolutionary theory or Instinct theory. The Drive-Reduction theory looks at the homeostasis of an individual and states that the motivation of said individual greatly depends on the discomfort experienced due to homeostatic imbalance. The Incentive theory uses positive reinforcement to create a stimulus; motivation is then based off this incentive, driving an individual towards a goal or action. The

Motivation helps in achievement of organisational goals as efficiency and productivity in the work of an employee improves.

Motivation means encouraging. It is the process through managers to influence their employees’ behavior based on the work they do to be effective. Communication promotes motivation by advising and instructing the employees about the task to be done, the way they are performing the task, and how to improve their performance if it is not done effectively. Motivation leads to success.

Motivation takes on many forms, even in the workplace. Employee satisfaction brought on by individualized motivation methods, produces a culture of growth and harmony. A residual benefit to intentionally and methodically motivating each employee, in the manner that generates the best productivity, is that it becomes a magnet for great customer experiences. Carol Sansone and Judith Harackiewicz (2000) summarize “Motivation thus energizes and guides behavior toward reaching a particular goal” (pg. 1). Employee satisfaction is often the foundation to a residual goal of customer satisfaction.

We all need the motivation to get our work day started each day. According (Elbert& Griffin, 2015, p256) motivation is the set of forces that causes people to behave in certain way. However, people can be motivated in many ways and it can be in a positive or negative technique that influences on someone. In the business society we have to recognize the changes in a conduct and the motive why. There are four primary theories of motivation to encourage employees to come to work such as classical theory, early behavior theory, two-factor theory, and contemporary motivational theory.

The term motivation is derived from the Latin word movere, meaning "to move." Basically motivation is a force which is acting on or within a person that cause the arousal, direction, and persistence of any goal. Motivation theory is thus concerned with the processes that explain why and how human behavior is activated.

Motivation theory examines the process of motivation. According to Amstrong (2006), it explains why people at work behave in the way they do in terms of their efforts and the directions they are taking. It describes what organisations can do to encourage people to apply their efforts and abilities in ways that will further the achievement of the organisation’s goals as well as satisfying their own needs. It is also concerned with job satisfaction-

The Fremont plant of General Motors was founded in 1965. After 17 years of operation, the plant was closed due to experiencing labour-management conflict. Soon after the shutdown, GM and Toyota vehicles cooperated to reopen the plant called New United Manufacturing, Inc (NUMMI), which lately become one of the most successful plants in the car manufacturing industry. In order for NUMMI to succeed, different management methods were applied, especially various strategies which motivated the employees. This essay will attempt to define motivation, analyse its theories, discuss the motivation lessons from the practices of NUMMI case study and then some recommendations will be given.

“The term ‘motivation’ can refer variously to the goals individuals have, the ways in which individuals chose their goals and the ways in which others try to change their behavior.” (Armstrong, 2009, p. 317)