Escherichia Coli : An Ideal Model Organism

Title: Cloning of Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 in forward orientation into Escherichia Coli using histidine-tagged pbluescript II KS+.

Escherichia coli, or E. coli, is a common bacterium that can be found in diverse environments all over the planet, including the gastrointestinal tracts of animals and humans. Many of these strains of E. Coli are essential mechanisms in the digestive tract, while others are pathogens that can cause complications in urinary and intestinal tracts. (Payne & Sparks) In research, E. Coli is commonly used as a model organism, meaning they are widely studied by scientists for a variety of purposes due to their experimental advantages. E. Coli is comparatively simple, and there are many advantages to studying these prokaryotic cells in the fields of biochemistry and molecular biology. E. Coli has this simplicity and is relatively easy to propagate in a lab environment. Their genome has been completely sequenced and many things we know about DNA, protein synthesis, and gene linkage have been derived from studies regarding this particular organism. (Cooper)

Every year over 96,000 people contract E.Coli, 3,200 of those people are hospitalized for E.Coli, and over 31 people die each year from E.Coli (Food News). E.Coli (otherwise known as Escherichia coli O157:H7) is a disease that is spread in many ways, the most common way being raw and uncooked food in the restaurant being served to the customer. Another way E.Coli is spread is through contact human/animal feces. E.Coli can be prevented, here are some ways to do so; Cook all meats to at least 160 degrees fahrenheit, wash your hands with warm water and soap (especially after touching raw meats), wash off all kitchen supplies thoroughly, use only pasteurized dairy and juice products, use/drink treated water, If you travel to another country that may have unsafe water don’t use tap or ice water, avoid raw fruits and veggies (Web MD).

The fragments that were analyzed by Muck were found to be functional matches to an RNA ligase and a queuine tRNA-ribosyltransferase (NCBI). Both of these functional matches were to the phage SamuelLPlaqson (NCBI).

Escherichia Coli, or E. coli, resides in the large intestine where it assists digestion and make up essential molecules like Vitamin K. For the most part, E. Coli poses no threat although there are few disease causing strains that can cause mild to severe food poisoning by finding its way into food supply (Timmons, Trzepacz, Duboinis-Gray). Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, or EPEC, is a strain of diseasing causing E. Coli that is the leading cause of death in children with diarrhea in many parts of the world. EPEC colonizes in the intestine allowing the host to be invaded which can spread from person to person (Pearson, Wong fok Lung, Hartland, Giogha). Another strain of disease causing E. Coli also causes diarrhea in children is the DEC

Escherichia Coli is a rod-shaped bacterium that measures approximately 0.5 μm in width by 2 μm in length. It is a Gram-negative bacterium. Its cells stain gram negative because they have a thin cell wall with only one to two layers of peptidoglycan. They live in environments with higher temperatures rather than cooler temperatures. E. coli is said to be the “model organism”. Many microbiologists use these bacteria as a resource for understanding other prokaryotic life and are the most carefully studied life form on the planet. It was discovered by German-Austrian pediatrician Theodor Escherich in 1885.

How does the effectiveness of natural remedies ability to inhibit growth of E. coli compare to that of antibiotics?

Escherichia coli K12 is a well-studied gram-negative bacteria. First isolated from the human gut, is one of the most used in molecular studies, being the knowledge obtained from studies of E. coli possible to apply to other organisms (Burton and Kaguni, 1997). Some enzymes have a crucial role in the transcription control, the topoisomerases enzymes play an important role in the level of DNA supercoiling, an important property of DNA and chromatin (Gilbert and Allan, 2014). The supercoiling level is modified by a reaction that consists in the transient breakage of the DNA phosphodiester bonds and the movement of strands across the transient breaks (Tse-Dinh and Wang, 1986). In prokaryotes, these enzymes can be classified into two major groups, according to the mechanism of action. While the topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) generates negative supercoils into relaxed DNA and relax positively supercoiled DNA, the topoisomerase I relax negatively supercoiled DNA. It is important to equilibrate the superhelical state of the cellular DNA (Hirose and Matsumoto, 2000).

Escherichia Coli is a bacterium that inhabits the gastrointestinal tract of both humans and animals. E. coli isn’t always a harmful bacterium. Some are actually crucial to a healthy intestinal tract because this bacterium assists with the production of Vitamin K2 and stops pathogenic bacteria from interacting and establishing inside the intestines (Gould, 2010). A person maybe exposed to E. coli through water or food that maybe contaminated or from raw meat such as ground beef or raw vegetables. Lack of good hygiene is another way that E. coli infections can spread especially in places such as hospitals or day care centers. While a healthy adult with an E.coli infection will most likely recover within five to seven days, those who are at risk include young children, elderly and those with a weak immune system.

Aim – To test the effectiveness of various anti-microbial substances on the growth of a bacteria called Escherichia coli, also known as E. coli.

Many people think of Escherichia coli as only a severe intestinal illness caused by eating uncooked, contaminated water, or unwashed fruits, but it is much more than only a negative (Amenu et al., 2014). The quick regeneration time of Escherichia coli makes it extremely useful in laboratory studies. In terms of research, a useful aspect of Escherichia coli is the extensive amount of information we have on them (Archer et al., 2011). Scientists have used Escherichia coli to host proteins, and it has been excellent resource for evolution studies as the bacteria has adapted frequently over the years (Archer et al., 2011). The non- pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli are frequently used in medical investigations involving diseases that are difficult to work with. Examples of these diseases include cancer or anthrax poisoning (Das et al., 2013).

Escherichia coli is a Gram-negative rod that was tested on ten different biochemical testing procedures. The Escherichia coli culture on the MacConkey agar had growth and experienced fermenting of lactose (color change to yellow). This is an expected result because this agar only grows Gram-negative bacteria so it is a selective media. The bile salts and crystal violet are the agents that make the agar select against Gram- positive species. The pink tint is probably from the precipitation of bile salts. The Bacillus subtillis is a Gram-positive bacterium so it was not supposed to show growth or fermentation, but it showed growth without a color change (no lactose fermentation). This was due to the over streaking of maybe Escherichia coli or Enterococcus durans, which are Gram-negative species. Staphylococcus epidermis had a growth along with a yellow to orange color change. Media too was clear.

E.coli O157:H7 bacteria was discovered in 1885 by a German scientist Theodor Escherich, his discovery also found that strands of the bacteria caused infants diarrhea and gastroenteritis which made this an important health discovery.” E. coli is one of the most frequent causes of many common bacterial infections, including cholecystitis bacteremia, cholangitis, urinary tract infection (UTI), and traveler's diarrhea, and other clinical infections such as neonatal meningitis and pneumonia.” Says the food poison journal, All You Need To Know About E. coli. The bacteria was first called bacterium coli but then was changed to Escherichia coli to honor the scientist that discovered it. There are over 700 serotypes of E. coli that are identified and not all of the ones identified are necessarily cause diseases in us humans, some help us and some give us infections. This disease is responsible for a big amount of contaminated foods and drinks. Foods that are

When analyzing the results, one can see that the data supports that each of the plasmid’s genes are unrelated, supporting the original hypothesis. Since each strain of the E. Coli. were collected from three separate farm of considerable difference the results are logical. Three different strains of bacterial contamination because there are three different genes. In order to stop the outbreak on the farms, each of the farmers should test the food, building material, etc. to determine the source of contamination. In order to prevent future outbreaks in the meat, the farmers should take more carefully precautions in handling, preparing, and packaging the meat. Even though E. Coli. is found naturally in the intestine, if the bacteria is spread

Bacteria are prone to various stressors so they need to sense and respond to these fluctuating conditions in order to survive. Two-component plays an important role in the bacterial kingdom to sense and adapt themselves to these varieties of stressors, for example oxidative stress, protein misfolding, nutrient starvation and many more. It is first described by Ninfa and Magasanik (1986) in the study of nitrogen starvation in Escherichia coli. Two-component system consists of a sensor histidine kinase and its cognate response regulator (Koretke,K.K. 2000). Sensor histidine kinase is bifunctional which means it can function as both kinase and phosphatase. It autophosphorylates itself upon sensing a signal, whereby the phosphoryl group from ATP molecule is transferred to a specific histine residue on the histidine kinase. It then acts as phosphodonor substrate for its cognate response regulator. The cognate response regulators is acting as phosphatase to the histidine kinase as it catalyses the transfer of the phosphoryl group from histidine kinase to its conserved aspartic acid residue. Once phosphorylated, response regulator undergoes conformational change which activates the output domain leading to either stimulation or repression of the targeted genes. As mentioned earlier on, histidine kinase protein also acts as phosphatase for its cognate response regulator if it is not stimulated to autophosphorylate.