Final Exam
Tamica Siddiqui
PSY 325
Dr. Kirwan
3/16/15
Final Exam
Part 1: Essay Questions
Essay 1
In an experimental research, the use of a research question answers the thesis statement that enables one to research about a problem (Yin, 2013). From the experiment, the research question can be clearly stated as “which vaccine is more effective for preventing getting the flu”. In this case, the problem being researched about is the flu the possible solutions to this problem which the use of vaccines is being analyzed. The null hypothesis of this experiment states that there is no effective vaccine for preventing getting the flu while the alternative hypothesis states that there is an effective vaccine for preventing getting the flu.
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However, a correlation between two variables does not necessarily imply causation but for a causal relationship to exist between two variables there must be a correlation between the variables (Solomon W. Golomb, 2005). When predicting the Grade Point Averages, correlation might not be a good test for its prediction. This is because there is no GPA is not only influenced by intelligent quotient but it is also influenced by other external factors like Education background, family background, social and political environment among other factors. Other statistical tests may include the use of rating scales to rate qualities that cannot be directly rated through correlation by use of variables like good, fair, and excellent among others. Coefficient of correlation might also be used as a technique of predicting the Grade Point Averages. This refers to the main result of a correlation whereby it predicts significant and smaller changes among variables by use of scale r that ranges from +1.0 to -1.0.
Essay 3
Descriptive statistics are digits that are used to summarize and describe a given range of data (Klenke, 2008). Basic descriptive data includes, mean, median, mode, variance and standard deviation. The data can be rearranged in an ascending order as follows:
Value (x) x- mean
(x-mean)2
2.2
-4.685
21.95
2.5
-4.385
19.23
2.7
-4.185
17.51
2.9
-3.985
15.88
3.1
-3.785
14.33
3.5
-3.385
11.46
4.1
-2.785
7.76
4.3
-2.585
6.68
4.8
-2.085
4.35
7.3
0.415
0.17
7.6
0.715
0.51
8.1
I found the central tendencies, the 5-point summary and the standard deviation of both of my variables; including for the variable that has data for 2 years. Interestingly, the variables had some common results. However, there were more differences then similarities, as each calculation had a variety of results. For example, variable X I calculated both years (1990 and 2012) and I knew already that each country had major differences between the two, but I think that affected the results in each step (the central tendencies, the 5-point summary and the standard deviation). It is noticeable to see how the mean and median in 1990 is lower than the mean in 2012, and this carried out through the rest of the next calculations. Comparing these findings to variable Y, I see that there is a tremendous
There is not much I would change in how far I have come in my search of the meaning of me. I have always considered myself to be a very advanced person when it comes to spirituality and emotional development. All of the hurts and hardships were necessary for me to develop to the extent I have.
Step 1: During this step of hypothesis testing, the query is stated again as a research theory and a null theory regarding the populations. The null and research hypothesizes are the opposites of each other. This step is necessary because it explains the theory and recognizes the populations, which will be worked throughout the study.
Wind resource at a geographic location is highly variable. Power generated from WTG depends on the wind speed, which fluctuates randomly with time. Wind power studies, therefore, require accurate models to forecast wind speed variation for wind farm locations of interest. Wind speed distributions are often characterized by Weibull distributions. Historical hourly data for the wind farm site collected over significant time are normally required to obtain the shaping parameters
8. What was the mean severity for renal disease for the research subjects? What was the dispersion or variability of the renal disease severity scores? Did the severity scores vary significantly between the control and the experimental groups? Is this important? Provide a rationale for your answer.
The goal is to only discuss the purpose and brief overview of the literature. This will allow to see how this literature is pertinent to the following problem statement: P: In patients 65 years of age and older I: how does the administration of an influenza vaccine C: compared to not receiving the vaccine O: decrease their risks of developing pneumonia T: during flu season.
Research is a vital role to ensure the growth of psychology. There are several different types of research methods that a researcher may choose. Regardless which kind of research method is selected it’s likely that they will need a form of measurement for reliability. Having an effective measuring tool is essential to produce valid research findings. The wrong type of measurement can skew data, cause possible unethical actions, and be an overall severe threat to the validity and reliability of the research. When conducting research, researchers should only utilize the measurements that are credible through evidence-based practice (EBP). We can measure reliability in several ways; we present the four most common methods: (1) test–retest, (2) alternate forms, (3) internal consistency, and (4) interrater reliability (Thomas & Hersen, 2011, pg.30).
Correlational research is the relationship between two variables which lead us to understand how one thing relates to another. As we know, science is constantly creating new studies. Some are true while some are false. To trust on a research claim, other factors needs to be taken into consideration.
In the real world, we are constantly looking for ways to make connections between things. When you try to find a correlation between two variables, the variables are known as bivariate data. This is done so that we can analyze things like the connection between a number of ice cream cones bought each day compared to its temperature. In this study, we are calculating the correlation coefficient of the number of chirps a cricket makes per second and the temperature. This is another form of bivariate data since we are measuring the temperature, and we are measuring the chirps per second. For each temperature measure and corresponding chirps per second, we can graph it on a scatter plot and analyze it from there using things like the correlation
According to Zikmund et al. (2013) descriptive statistics describe basic characteristics and summarize the data in a straightforward and understandable manner (p. 410). The
Answer: DChapter 421. Descriptive statistics does not seek to perform which task?A) Characterizing the "typical" or "middle" values of a data set.
Descriptive statistics is the term given to the analysis of data that helps describe, show or summarize data in a meaningful way such that, for example, patterns might emerge from the data. Descriptive statistics do not, however, allow us to make conclusions beyond the data we have analysed or reach conclusions regarding any hypotheses we might have made. They are simply a way to describe our data.
With regards to correlation, there are times where it would be nonsensical to conclude that a relationship between two variables would mean causation. First, consider the positive correlation between the average annual sales of cell phones and the average annual amount of influenza cases, meaning there is an increase in flu cases as cell phone sales increase. Then, by just looking at the relationship between cell phone sales and flu cases, it could easily be implied that buying a new cell phone causes influenza. Clearly this assumption is highly illogical, hence psychologists do not want the correlation to be released to the press or any forms of social media.
A correlational study is a quantitative research method, which there are two or more variables in which the researchers goal is to determine a relationship using statistical data. The significance of this approach is that is does not analyze or try to prove cause and effect type patterns or relationships. Using this type of research study can determine behaviors in human actions or any other variables that can be evaluated for a relationship. Using a correlational approach can be a stepping-stone for further experimental studies and is an important approach used in educational research.
As an undergraduate psychology student pursuing a degree in psychology, it is important for me to not only understand the different methods when doing research in the field of psychology, as well as recognizing which method works best for the research being conducted. Being able to