Protein Butterfly Journey

Transcription is the formation of an RNA strand from a DNA template within the nucleus of a cell. There are four nucleotides of DNA. These are adenine, cytosine, guanine and thymine. These nucleotides are transcribed to form messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) consisting of nucleotides made of adenine, cytosine, guanine and uracil. This transcription from DNA to mRNA happens by an RNA polymerase II. This newly created mRNA is read in the 5' to 3' direction in sets of 3. These sets are called codons. Each mRNA also has a cap and end. On the 5 prime side is a methylated guanine triphosphate and on the 3 prime is a poly A tail. Messenger RNA then moves to the cells cytoplasm and through the cells ribosomes for translation. Messenger RNA is matched to molecules of transfer RNA (tRNA) in the ribosomes to create amino acids. These amino acids subsequently form an amino acid chain. (Osuri, 2003) A visual representation of this can been viewed in figure 3.

3) As a ribosome moves along the mRNA, the genetic message is translated into a protein with a specific amino acid sequence.

After the DNA has been turned into mRNA a process called translation occurs and it turns the mRNA into tRNA.

Translation is a task that makes ribosomes synthesize proteins utilizing mRNA transcript made during transcription. In the begining of this task mRNA attaches it self to a ribosome so that it can be reveal a codon (three nucleotides).

In conclusion, In the Time of the Butterflies, is a very touching and breathtaking book that embedded the historical event into a chronological story that showed the symbolic and thematic topics that occurred in the time periods the book was set in which was from 1930’s-1990’s where Dede was telling the

After living a difficult childhood life, Julia Alvarez wrote a book to represent and explain her strenuous childhood. Since In the Time of Butterflies was a representation of Alvarez’s life, she incorporated themes that she felt were attached to her childhood. In her life, family was a major

Alvarez’s politically fueled novel caused several critics to attack the work, mentioning that she inaccurately portrays the sisters, fictionalizes the sisters’ childhoods, and clutters the story with misdeeds and misfortunes. Although Ruth Behar praises In the Time of The Butterflies in many aspects, she also expresses select criticism. Behar believes that Alvarez could have improved her novel by developing Dedé’s perspective more thoroughly and by expanding on her own role in the story as an interviewer. She explains her argument by stating, “But rather than explore the limits of recovering and

Discovering one’s identity has invariably been a struggle for mankind. From obstacles testing moral values to uncertainty regarding a role in life, the road to finding one’s character is not always successful. However, throughout life, different factors can have ranging impacts on the guidance of one’s identity and the shaping of who they are as a person. Whether it is family or a major life event that changes their outlook, the struggle to find one’s character can be addressed through numerous components. This idea is especially ubiquitous in the novel, In the Time of the Butterflies; the Mirabal sisters begin to discover themselves over the course of the story in a variety of ways. In her novel, In the Time of the Butterflies, Julia Alvarez utilizes myriad literary techniques to establish the prevalent theme of finding one’s identity through growth, faith, and freedom.

The title Heather Rose uses in The Butterfly Man is a representation of the change Lord Lucan experiences in his transition into Henry Kennedy. A butterfly undergoes a metamorphosis at a stage in its life when it originally was in the form of a caterpillar. This drastic change is very similar to that of Henry and changed everything about him, not just the appearance. John Bingham also underwent a change of heart, and his personality was altered and improved to the Henry we see in the book that lives in Tasmania with his loving wife and friends.

Butterflies are very beautiful and helpful insects. There are 12,000 types in the United States and 165,000 in the world. They are covered in scale-like hairs and have a long tongue called a proboscis used to suck pollen and nectar. Butterflies have beautiful designs on their wings that help classify them.

The El Segundo Blue Butterfly is an endangered specie, and it’s been on the endangered specie list since June 1, 1976. They live in the El Segundo Dunes of Los Angeles County in California. They rely on dune buckwheat for their entire life cycle. There are two scientists who have been working on bringing back the butterfly since 2007. The names of the scientists are Travis Longcore and Ann Dalkey there is also a group called “the Xerxes society”. They helped by convincing the “Standard Oil Company” to manage a small portion of the butterflies habitat.

It provides a base triplet, a sequence of three bases on one of the strands of DNA, that code for one amino acid. The sequence of base triplets on DNA molecules determines the order of the amino acids on the protein chain. In the first phase of transcription, the first process of protein synthesis that occurs in the nucleolus, a portion of a DNA molecule unwinds and serves as a template. Free nucleotides floating in the nucleoplasm pair up with their complimentary bases on the DNA strand.

The tRNA molecules is made up of a single strand of RNA consisting of about 80 nucleotides. By twisting and folding upon itself, tRNA forms several double stranded regions in which short stretched of RNA pair with other stretches. There is a single stranded loop at one end of the RNA and it contains a special triplet of nitrogen bases called an anticodon. The anticodon triple on tRNA is complementary to a triplet codon on the mRNA. At the other end of the tRNA molecule is a site where an amino acid can attach. This specific structure of the tRNA gives tRNA its ability to match a particular nucleic acid word (codon) with its corresponding protein word (amino acid). There are about 45 different type soft RNAs, each with a certain shape and a specific anticodon. The third type of RNA is the ribosomal RNA (rRNA). In the cytoplasm, rRNA and several proteins combine to form a nucleoprotein called a ribosome. The ribosome serves as the site and carries the enzymes necessary for protein synthesis. Ribosomes are where protein synthesis actually takes place; they consist of two subunits – a large subunit and a small

One of the fundamental discoveries of the 20th century was that DNA was the genetic code’s physical structure (Watson & Crick, 1953) and, since then, many studies have disclosed the complicated pattern of regulation and expression of genes, which involve RNA synthesis and its subsequent translation into proteins.

The formation of a protein begins in the genes, which contain the basic building information for all parts of living organisms. There are four DNA nucleotides that make up genes: A, T, C, and G. A codon is any arrangement of three of these nucleotides. Each triplet of nucleotides codes for one amino acid. First transcription will begin in the nucleus where mRNA will transcribe the DNA template. During both transcription and translation, there are three steps. The first step in transcription is initiation where RNA polymerase separates a DNA strand and binds RNA nucleotides to the DNA. RNA nucleotides are the same as DNA ones except that U replaces the T. The second is just the elongation of the mRNA. The third step of transcription is termination. This occurs when RNA polymerase reads a codon region and the mRNA separates from the