Protein Synthesis Essay

Translation is a task that makes ribosomes synthesize proteins utilizing mRNA transcript made during transcription. In the begining of this task mRNA attaches it self to a ribosome so that it can be reveal a codon (three nucleotides).

Our genetic material is DNA. A polypeptide is a chain of amino acids otherwise known as a "protein." DNA is used to make polypeptides in a process called protein synthesis. THe assemblance of polypeptides occurs in protein synthesis. Protein synthesis is the process where genetic info is taken from the nucleus and into the ribosome. Protein synthesis uses two RNA molecules and two types of processes called transcription and translation. The two RNA molecules are messenger RNA (mRNA) and transfer RNA (tRNA). mRNA contains genetic info that travels from the DNA to the ribosome. It uses an amino acid chain sequence of proteins. tRNA (transfer RNA) uses its specific amino acid, takes it, and matches it with its "predestined" codon. The process

The process of gene expression is used by all known life known as eukaryotes which include multicellular organisms, prokaryotes like bacteria and Achaea, and viruses which generates the macromolecular machinery for life. Gene expression is what “turns on” the genes and makes a product. The products made could be an enzyme, a protein, or a control molecule. These products are often proteins, but in non-protein coding genes such as mRNA genes or tRNA genes, the product is a functional RNA. The order of gene expression is transcription, RNA processing, then translation. The control of transcription: this is the first step of gene expression when a particular segment of DNA is copied into RNA by the enzyme RNA polymerase and is then a joined mechanism. During transcription, a DNA sequence is read by an RNA polymerase, which produces a corresponding, antiparallel RNA strand called a primary transcript. The order that transcription goes in would start with the initiate transcription from a gene by binding the RNA polymerase to the promoter DNA. A promoter is a region of DNA that initiates transcription of a particular gene. The RNA polymerase then splits the double helix DNA molecule into two nucleotides. When doing this the breaking down of the hydrogen bonds between DNA nucleotides occurs. The RNA and DNA helix’s break apart and the new RNA strand is complete. If the cell has a nucleus, it will then be processed again which will then exits to the cytoplasm. During this process a

Although approximately 42 dominant SCAs have been identified only 20 have been genetically identified. Most of the identified SCAs share a common mutation: SCA1 SCA2, SCA 3, SCA6, SCA7, SCA8, SCA12, SCA17 have all been linked to the same CAG trinucleotide repeat but in different varying chromosomes and loci. These are also known as polyglutamine (Poly-Q) diseases. Poly-Q proteins are extended proteins formed by an expansion of the mRNA that coded for the amino acid chain during translation. The Polyglutamine-expansion disease family encompasses at least nine heritable disorders, including Huntington disease (HD) and the spinocerebellar ataxias SCA1, SCA2, SCA3, SCA6, SCA7 and SCA17. 11 Normally the proteins formed

Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis and are made up of two subunits. One of these units is large, and the other is small. These subunits consist of protein and ribosomal RNA. Ribosomes can be found floating free in a cell, or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.

Our body contains millions and millions of cells those of which that contain our bodies genetic information inside their nucleus. DNA is used to make polypeptides by first transcribing the DNA strand, transcribing is when a helicase splits apart the the DNA sequence and then mRNA copies the sequence of the bases. The mRNA is able to complete the strand because of the Complimentary Base Pair Rule which states that adenine can only connect with thymine and that guanine can only connect with cytosine. Then once transcription ends (the mRNA finishes pairing with the base strand). The mRNA leaves the nucleus,this is where translation occurs, then once it has fully left the nucleus the mRNA docks with a ribosome. Then the ribosome detects and then

The mRNA is then released once the RNA polymerase reaches the end of the gene. In the

Transcription is part of this process that involves transcribing genetic information from DNA into RNA. Another step is translation; translation is when a protein is synthesized from the information contained in a molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA). (3b)Transcription and translation contain many similarities, such as: they both involve RNA and enzymes, and both take part in defining amino acids. (3c)They also have differences which involve transcription occurring in the nucleus of a cell and converting DNA to RNA, while translation occurs in the ribosomes and converts RNA to a protein. (3d)A unique thing about translation is the structural changes. It creates a primary structure, from amino acids, that can fold to form secondary and tertiary structures, and form

Transcription is the process of making the first working copy of the DNA, known as the mRNA. This is actually a very smart Idea. Would you want to give out your only copy of a super rare comic, or give someone a copy of it? The choice is obvious. Polymerase are used to make mRNA. In order to make the protein, it will have to be sent outside of the nucleus to the ribosomes. The ribosomes are the construction site for building the protein. In sticking with Chargaff’s Rule, we have to switch uracil for

How are proteins made? Where is the birth of proteins take place? It all starts with DNA. DNA is genetic information found in the nucleus of a cell. The first stage in order to make DNA is sending a RNA call mRNA (also known as messenger RNA). This RNA is can fit through pores from the cell’s walls, but DNA can’t because it is too big to fit in the pores, but RNA is small enough to fit through the pores. In the DNA strand there are nitrogen bases and three nitrogen bases in that strand are called DNA triplets, or also known as codon. One DNA is broken into two strands and the mRNA copies that strand of DNA. The mRNA copies all the codons into anti-codons. This process is called transcription; copying a strand of DNA. The mRNA is now going to

The production of each peptide bond takes advantage of 3 molecules of high energy. During protein synthesis, the energy used is composed of 1 GTP, that is broken down to GDP as each amino acid-tRNA complex adheres to the A location of the ribosome. As the ribosome maneuvers to each new codon in the mRNA, 1 other GTP is broken down. Then, during amino acid activation, 1 ATP is broken down to AMP.

There are four parts, initiation, elongation, translocation and termination. Initiation attaches the mRNA to the ribosome and begins translation. Elongation is when new codons are exposed and new amino acids are added to the polypeptide. Translocation is the movement of mRNA through the ribosome and termination is when the stop codon is reached and the protein, ribosome and mRNA detach from each other. Ribosomes are key to this process. They have a large and small subunit that come together around the mRNA and provide a place for tRNA to meet mRNA. It also provides enzymes needed to form the peptide bonds. mRNA is essential because it brings the genetic information to the ribosome and tRNA is important because it carries the amino acids to the corresponding codon. The amino acids bond to other amino acids in a specific order to create a

RNA processing is the process by which an RNA strand is modified, such that it is compatible for translation into a protein. RNA is synthesized from DNA during a process called transcription, a step in which an RNA copy of a DNA sequence is made. After the RNA strand is created, within the nucleus, the RNA is transferred into the cytoplasm of the cell where it can be translated into a genetic code that the cell can interpret and turn into proteins. The ribosomes of the cell are responsible for the synthesizing of the proteins from the RNA information. The process of protein synthesis is important to the central dogma of biology; the fact that DNA becomes RNA, which in turn

Translation describes the process in which a polypeptide chain is assembled by ribosomes from amino acid. A ribosome receives amino acids from inbound tRNA molecules and attaches them to the emergent polypeptide of the ribosome. The tRNA contains a 3 character sequence known as an anticodon that acts to describe the incoming amino acid, the initiating codon attaches and reads the incoming message and then distributes the amino acid to build upon the polypeptide chain (Nelson Education, page 310). Making use of analogy, the tRNA is like a semi-truck transporting dangerous goods, the anticodon is like the hazardous materials identification sticker, the codon interprets the anticodon’s identification sticker and safely facilitates the drop off of the amino acids into ribosome warehouse, where its contents can then be added to the production of the polypeptide. Initiation, elongation, and termination are the three phases of translation, although it is important to note that the initiation phase has 3 processes of its own that allow elongation and termination to properly occur. The first phase of initiation forms a complex between the initiator methionine-tRNA with smaller subunits of the ribosome, which then binds and moves with the 5’ cap of the mRNA and seeks out the first AUG codon in a process known as scanning (Nelson Education, page 310). The methionine-tRNA’s anticodon recognizes the first AUG codon, which is known as the start codon, which causes the remaining

In molecular biology, transcription and translation is the collective process by which the genetic code is read by enzymes in order to produce all of the proteins in an organism. A chromosome consists of millions of base pairs, some of which are called genes. In humans, a single gene may be on average around 10 to 50 thousand base pairs long. [1] When a gene is expressed, a specific protein is produced. The first step in this process is called transcription where the enzymes use one of the DNA strands within a gene as a template to produce a messenger RNA or mRNA. The next step in the process is translation. RNA splicing is an important step in creating the mRNA that is involved in protein synthesis in