Pathogen Invasion Influence On RNA

Transcription is the formation of an RNA strand from a DNA template within the nucleus of a cell. There are four nucleotides of DNA. These are adenine, cytosine, guanine and thymine. These nucleotides are transcribed to form messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) consisting of nucleotides made of adenine, cytosine, guanine and uracil. This transcription from DNA to mRNA happens by an RNA polymerase II. This newly created mRNA is read in the 5' to 3' direction in sets of 3. These sets are called codons. Each mRNA also has a cap and end. On the 5 prime side is a methylated guanine triphosphate and on the 3 prime is a poly A tail. Messenger RNA then moves to the cells cytoplasm and through the cells ribosomes for translation. Messenger RNA is matched to molecules of transfer RNA (tRNA) in the ribosomes to create amino acids. These amino acids subsequently form an amino acid chain. (Osuri, 2003) A visual representation of this can been viewed in figure 3.

1) DNA programs protein production in the cytoplasm by transferring its coded information to a molecule called RNA (mRNA). The RNA then carries the order to build this type of protein from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.

Translation is a task that makes ribosomes synthesize proteins utilizing mRNA transcript made during transcription. In the begining of this task mRNA attaches it self to a ribosome so that it can be reveal a codon (three nucleotides).

B) A gene in a eukaryotic cell is transcribed and translated to produce a protein.

RNA processing: In eukaryotic cells, introns, non-coding regions of RNA, are removed and a tail and a cap is added to RNA to help its movement.

Transcription is the process of using DNA to make template RNA strain. RNA polymerase is one the most important enzyme for transcription which happens inside of the nucleus. This enzyme binds to DNA by a promoter and unwinds DNA into 2 separate strands such as template strand and coding strand. RNA polymerase moves along the template strand, copying one strand into a molecule of RNA. The enzyme is transcribed until it hits a stop codon, then the RNA strand releases from the DNA and the transcription ends.

Similarly, the fact that the DNA sensing pathway is quick to become anomalous is likely due to the initial detection of viral ssRNA by RIG-I (Pichlmair, et al., 2006).

The process of making a RNA copy of a gene sequence is called transcription. The copy which is called mRNA (messenger) molecule exits the cell nucleus and goes inside of the cytoplasm. Once inside the cytoplasm the cell nucleus guides the synthesis of the protein. This is when it is encoded. The process of when the sequence of a messenger RNA (mRNA) is translated the molecule of the classification of the mRNA in groups of 3 bases which is used to accumulate the protein. DNA encodes the information to make RNA and RNA molecules works together to make protein. Basically transcription is another way to rewrite DNA into RNA. Translation is when we decode RNA into protein. The three steps of translation are initiation, elongation, termination.

This time we will actually be making proteins. mRNA is turned into amino acids for making proteins. The tRNA helps transfer these protein making amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosomes, or construction sites. The anticodon, only found on tRNA not mRNA, matches and connects to the 3’ end of the amino acid. There the large and small ribosomal sub units start to prepare and make proteins. The A site is where the molecule is added. P site is where the protein is added. E site is where the used molecule exits. Then the ribose reads the mRNA one codon at a time until it reaches the end. This information is stored so that it has the information on how to make that specific protein

Transcription is where DNA is transcribed into RNA which then can be pass to the ribosome’s to act as a template for protein synthesis. Before transcription can begin DNA must unwind and the two halves of the molecule much come apart so exposing the base sequence. This process begins when a region of a two DNA strands is unzipped by enzyme called RNA polymerase attaches to the DNA molecule at the imitation site.

Luciano Marraffini and Erik Sontheimer (2008) – it is known from the work carried out by these two men that it is DNA that is the target molecule, not RNA (Marraffini, L. and Sontheimer, E., 2008).

The formation of a protein begins in the genes, which contain the basic building information for all parts of living organisms. There are four DNA nucleotides that make up genes: A, T, C, and G. A codon is any arrangement of three of these nucleotides. Each triplet of nucleotides codes for one amino acid. First transcription will begin in the nucleus where mRNA will transcribe the DNA template. During both transcription and translation, there are three steps. The first step in transcription is initiation where RNA polymerase separates a DNA strand and binds RNA nucleotides to the DNA. RNA nucleotides are the same as DNA ones except that U replaces the T. The second is just the elongation of the mRNA. The third step of transcription is termination. This occurs when RNA polymerase reads a codon region and the mRNA separates from the

material of some viruses. RNA molecules are like DNA. They have a long chain of

Early evidence that a type of RNA could elicit gene silencing in animal cells came from work by Dr. Guo and Dr. Kemphues, who used antisense RNA to reduce gene expression in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Later, Dr. Ambros and co-workers discovered the first miRNA, lin-4, in 1993. They identified two RNA transcripts—one small and one smaller—derived from the lin-4 locus of C. elegans. This lin-4 miRNA was discovered 3 years after the first reports of RNA silencing in plants and 2 years before the first hint of RNAi in nematodes. However, no formal connection between miRNAs and siRNAs was made until 2001. By the end of 1999, RNA silencing phenomena were discovered in a broad spec¬trum of eukaryotes. Acting

Diverse classes of immune-regulatory sRNAs that are differentially regulated upon pathogen attack have been identified. [8]