Summary: System Support In Management Of Diabetes

Diabetes is a disease where the body is unable to produce or use insulin effectively. Insulin is needed for proper storage and use of carbohydrates. Without it, blood sugar levels can become too high or too low, resulting in a diabetic emergency. It affects about 7.8% of the population. The incidence of diabetes is known to increase with age. It’s the leading cause of end-stage renal disease in the US, and is the primary cause of blindness and foot and leg amputation. It is known to cause neuropathy in up to 70% of diabetic patients. Individuals with diabetes are twice as likely to develop cardiovascular disease. There are two types of diabetes: Type 1 and Type 2.

Diabetes, Diabetes Mellitus, is a chronic illness this means that it has no cure and the symptoms persist over a long period of time. This illness is a result of an imbalance of hormones, insulin, produced in the pancreas. Insulin plays an important role in how the body uses food. Insulin enables the cells in the bloodstream to absorb and use glucose for fuel. If the pancreas produces too little or no insulin or if the insulin doesn’t work properly the person may become diabetic. Therefore, diabetics are not able to properly convert food into fuels needed by the body to function, which can seriously lead to physical consequences.

The American Diabetes Association (2004) defines diabetes as a subset of metabolic diseases associated with hyperglycemia secondary to insulin failing to release, act, or both. Complications related to chronic diabetes can be detrimental to one’s health including but not limited to: heart disease, stroke, kidney disease, amputations, blindness, and other optical diseases. Furthermore, the prevalence of diabetes is rising at an astronomical rate within the United States as well as internationally. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2016) an estimated 29 million people suffer with diabetes and 86 million are prediabetic within the United States (US). Without major interventions from the healthcare community,

Diabetes is a serious medical condition that can also be a risk factor for the development of many different diseases and conditions including dementia, heart disease, and CVA. Thus, effective management of diabetes is very important. Patient compliance can be difficult to achieve if the person affected with diabetes is not educated about the illness or treatment, has not fully accepted the diagnosis or its severity, will not change habits or believes that the prescribed treatment regime is too difficult or ineffective, has cultural beliefs conflicting with the treatment regime, experiences stressful events, lacks social support, or suffers from psychiatric issues unrelated to diabetes (Gerard, Griffin, & Fitzpatrick, 2010). As one may expect, adequate education programs are essential tools when dealing with diabetics. Solid education will provide the patient with information as well as teaching the necessary skills to manage the disorder. The primary focus of any diabetes education program must be to empower patients as a part of the multidisciplinary team. This team should be focused at integrating diabetes into the lives of the patients and this focus should be based on the decisions made by the patient, otherwise the treatment plan can be looked on as forced (Gerald et al., 2010). Every patient stricken with diabetes has the right to benefit from an education program of this type. First, basic education and facts should be administered directly following the diagnosis of

Type 2 Diabetes is a disease that is found in a variety of age groups around the world. This disease is growing at a rapid rate and it is impacting the health of this generation and future generations to come. Diabetes is a disease that impairs the body’s ability to produce or respond to the insulin hormone produced by the pancreas. The insulin allows for the glucose to be effectively used as energy throughout the body. Diabetes causes carbohydrates to be abnormally digested, which can raise blood glucose levels. This means that the glucose is not being taken up by the cells that need it. The cells cannot take up the excess glucose that has accumulated in the blood, so it is excreted through the urine. This can lead to problems with the kidneys, central nervous system, heart, and eyes because high blood glucose can damage the blood vessels of these organs. This diseased is managed by adopting a diet low in fat and high in fiber, increasing physical activity, losing excess weight, and not smoking. If this

Uncontrolled diabetes can affect nearly every organ of the body; of which, heart disease and kidney failure are most commonly impacted. Known as diabetes mellitus, a collective term for various blood abnormalities, the term diabetes refers to either a scarcity of insulin in the body or the body’s inability to accept insulin. Though the symptoms of diabetes are manageable, many are unaware as to having it. According to the CDC report “2011 Diabetes Fact Sheet,” approximately 6 million people in the United States have undiagnosed diabetes. Undetected, diabetes can become deadly. In a recent World Health Organization report “Diabetes Action Now: An Initiative of the World Health Organization and the International Diabetes Federation,” it

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a pandemic that affects millions of people. The growth rate of unrecognized pre-diabetes in America is expected to rise up to 52% by 2020 (Lorenzo, 2013). As the prevalence of diabetes increases, so will the complications and burden of the disease. One of the leading causes for cardiovascular disease, renal failure, nontraumatic lower limb amputations, stroke, and new cases of blindness is DM (Lorenzo, 2013).

Diabetes is a growing concern and health challenge for the American people (b). Diabetes is a condition in which the body cannot react to insulin appropriately or either cannot produce insulin efficiently (w). “Without a properly functioning insulin signaling system, blood glucose levels become elevated and other metabolic abnormalities occur, leading to the development of serious, disabling complications” (w). There are numerous forms of diabetes amongst the nation, however, there are three main forms of diabetes. Most people have heard of type one diabetes, type two diabetes, and gestational diabetes because they are common. Type two diabetes deals with a resistance to insulin, while

In the US, diabetes contributes significantly to excess morbidity and mortality. When uncontrolled, it is a major cause of stroke, heart attacks, chronic kidney disease, diabetic retinopathy, neuropathy, and is the major cause of non-traumatic amputations. It is also increases the risk of death two-fold compared to someone without diabetes . However, among those patients with better control, a reduction in hemoglobin A1C has been shown to decrease the risk of kidney disease , progression of CHF , and an overall decrease in microvascular complications . There is a definite benefit of close blood glucose monitoring and control. In type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, the standard of care for mild-moderate disease is oral agents, with transition to subcutaneous insulin as the disease progresses. In type 1 diabetes, characterized by lack of insulin, the treatment depends on either an insulin pump or subcutaneous insulin therapy. Unfortunately, in those patients with insulin dependent diabetes, compliance with finger stick glucose measurements is poor, making insulin administration dependent on those measurements imprecise . One solution to this problem that has been proposed is continuous glucose monitoring (CGM). This system consists of a subcutaneously implanted glucose sensor that wirelessly transmits data to a recorder worn on the body. This allows for frequent (generally a few times an

Diabetes is a disease that affects the body’s ability to produce or use insulin. It is a precursor to numerous other diseases, which can quickly deteriorate patient’s health if

Our health is the most essential and precious gift that can be given to any man or woman. In recent times we have had major breakthroughs in medicine that as extended the life span of many humans but we still face many challenges. There are many chronic diseases that can have a negative impact on our health and one of those diseases is diabetes mellitus or simply referred to as diabetes. When we consume food, most of it is broken down into glucose (sugar) and our body then uses that sugar for energy with the help of a pancreatic made hormone called insulin. Insulin is the hormone that helps glucose enter cells so our bodies can have energy.

By using this system, patients will be more informed about their health and they actively fulfill the tasks that are required from them. Currently, our site is conducting a study where patients are required to use the Electronic Patient Reported Outcome (e-PRO). For this specific study, patients use the e-diaries that are designed to record and report the data electronically. Patients are given smartphone and they are required to transfer the reading from the glucometer to the smartphone. With this technology, “patients can electronically report data on their health status, such as improvement in symptoms, adverse events and other outcomes by using e-diaries instead of paper” (Deshpande et al., 2011). The readings from the glucometer are transferred to the website which is accessible to the researcher and the sponsors. This can reduce the time laps we currently face for making the results available for the drug interaction. The issue of safety is also given special care when using this innovative technology. The investigator is automatically notified when the patients face a hypoglycemic event. This helps to provide timely information to medical staff and improve patient management, and may also save a life of the patient in a life threatening

These recommendations are to ensure that every person with diabetes receives individualized DSME/S to achieve treatment goals. These goals are (a) to provide DSME/S that focuses on healthy eating, being active, blood glucose monitoring, taking medications, risk reduction, healthy coping, and problem solving;(b) to deliver high quality DSME/S that meets The National Standards for Diabetes Self-Management Education which designed to assist diabetes educators in providing evidence-based education and self-management support. The National Standards for DSME include; Standard 1: The providers of DSME will document an organizational structure, mission statement, and goals that support the efficient and effective DSME/S. Standard 2: For the

Diabetes is a group or a collection of metabolic-based diseases which are linked to the level of blood sugar in the body. The most common situation or complication in diabetes is high blood sugar in the body which is caused by lack of enough insulin in the body to control and regulate the amount of glucose in the blood stream. It can also be caused by the failure of the body cells to respond to the produced insulin by the pancreas (World Health Organization 2006). Insulin is a renowned peptide hormone which is produced in the pancreas through the action of the beta cells of the pancreatic islets. The major function of the insulin in metabolism is to promote the absorption of glucose from the bloodstream into liver cells and the skeletal muscle cells (Assad at el. 2001). High blood sugar has various short-term symptoms such as increased thirst, frequent urination, and increased hunger. It is a disease which if left untreated can result in more long-term diseases and complications such as heart diseases, stroke, hyperosmolar nonketotic coma, foot ulcers, diabetic ketoacidosis, damage to the eyes and death. However, the disease is highly manageable through healthy diet, normal body weight, avoiding tobacco use, physical practices and insulin injection for type 1 diabetes mellitus. Evidently, Diabetes has a direct frequency relationship with human evolution through a change in human diet and lifestyle; due to this relationship, none-organic factors have had a negative effect

Diabetes is a systemic disease caused by a decrease in the secretion of insulin or reduced sensitivity or responsiveness to insulin by target tissue. (Beale, et al., 2011) The incidence of diabetes is growing rapidly in the United States and worldwide. An estimated 347 million people around the world are afflicted with diabetes. (Whalen, et al., 2012) According to World Health Organization (WHO), Diabetes prevalence among adults over 18 years of age has risen from 4.7% in 1980 to 8.5% in 2014. It is the major cause of blindness, kidney failure, heart attack, stroke and limbic amputation. World Health Organization (WHO) projects that diabetes will be the 7th leading cause of death in 2030. It is a complex and costly disease that can affect nearly every organ in the body and result in devastating consequences. The leading cause of non-traumatic lower extremity amputations, renal failure, and blindness in working-age adults, diabetes is also a major cause of premature mortality, stroke, cardiovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, congenital malformations, perinatal mortality, and disability. (Cefalu, 2000) Insulin therapy and oral hypoglycemic agents have demonstrated improvement in glycaemic control. However, Insulin therapy has some disadvantages such as ineffectiveness following oral administration, short shelf life, of the need for constant refrigeration, and fatal hypoglycaemia, in the event of excess dosage.