The term diabetes mellitus describes a metabolic disorder of multiple aetiology characterised by chronic hyperglycaemia with disturbances of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action or both. The effects of diabetes mellitus include long term damage, dysfunction and failure of various organs (WHO 1999).
There are two major types of diabetes and each type has different causes and risk factors.
Type 1 Diabetes – this type of diabetes is most often diagnosed in children and young adults but it can occur at any age, the cause of type 1 diabetes is unknown. In type 1 diabetes the body makes little or no insulin and requires insulin injections.
Type 2 Diabetes – this is most often
…show more content…
Since there has been a different approach to the treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis by medical staff who are generally on 6 months rotation between the different trusts. “Diabetic ketoacidosis, though preventable, remains a frequent and life threatening complication of type 1 diabetes. Unfortunately, errors in its management are not uncommon and importantly are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Most acute hospitals have guidelines for the management of DKA but it is not unusual to find these out of date and at variance to those of other hospitals.(JBDS, sept 2013).
I am a band 5 staff nurse working in an acute assessment unit in one of the NHS trust hospitals. Our unit is one of the busiest units in the hospital with 10 HDU beds with monitors to manage acutely ill patients who need continuous monitoring and close observations. Diabetic ketoacidosis is one of the medical emergencies we deal with in our unit. Even though we are well equipped with medical devices to deal with DKA but there are other obstacles in the management of DKA such as unawareness of the hospital protocol, ignorance towards the trust guidelines, low level of staffing or low level of knowledge of the nursing staff in the management of patient with DKA especially a newly qualified nurse or a nurse working as an agency nurse from a different hospital. Due to the recent increase in
Type 1 is characterized by the body’s inability to produce insulin. It is caused by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic beta cells, which are responsible for producing insulin. There appears to be a hereditary link in people with Type 1 diabetes. Other factors have been known to cause Type 1 diabetes such as viral infections, toxins, and other environmental factors. Type 1 diabetes is the rare form, affecting about 10% of the diabetes population. Its onset usually occurs in people less than the age of 20.
"Diabetes mellitus is not a single disease but a group of disorders with glucose intolerance in common" (McCance 674). Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia (increased blood sugar) and results from defective insulin production, secretion, and utilization. There are many forms of diabetes. "Diabetes increases the risk of heart and blood vessel disease, amputation, infections, kidney damage, eye problems (including blindness), and nerve malfunction" (Husain). I will
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by consistently elevated blood glucose levels resulting from defects in insulin secretion or action, or both. 1 Chronic hyperglycemia is associated with long term organ damage, especially the heart, eyes, nerves, kidneys, and blood vessels. 2
Diabetes Mellitus is the metabolic disorder characterized by high levels of blood glucose that is caused by deficiency of production of insulin, action of insulin, or may be both of them. The uncontrollable output of hepatic glucose and reduced uptake of glucose by the skeletal muscle with reduced synthesis of glycogen lead to hyperglycaemia. Diabetes is a complicated disease; it can affect mostly every organ of our body and causes devastating consequences.
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) or Type 2 Diabetes is seen as a metabolic disease that is categorized by abnormally high blood glucose or hyperglycemia. Diabetes Mellitus is also formerly known as noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and is the most common form of diabetes that is seen. Insulin is a hormone that is supplied to the body that allows us to efficiently use glucose as fuel. When carbohydrates are broken down into sugars in the stomach glucose enters the blood circulation simulating the pancreas to release insulin in an appropriate amount to become used for energy. With diabetes mellitus the body does not properly make use of the insulin supplied for the body. This causes the pancreas to produced an extra amount if insulin which the body cannot keep up with, causing an imbalance to the blood glucose levels (American Diabetes Association, 2015). In the united states diabetes affects almost 29.1 million people, while the another 86 million people have pre-diabetes but do not know. It is also known as the 7th leading cause of death in the country in the recent years (MedicineNet.com, 2016). For a patient suffering from a chronic form of diabetes mellitus understanding how these mechanisms lead to the condition can be used as preventative measures. Potential consequences as well as the causes and clinical manifestations will ensure a better knowledge on the issue to monitor the condition.
At Yale New Haven on the medicine floor SLA 4, the nurse manager identified the need of education on both the hyperglycemia and diabetic ketoacidosis protocols. The nurses and doctors were not aware of the steps outlined in the protocol that needed to be followed. There have been several incidents across the hospital of orders not being correctly prescribed by physicians and nurses following through with these incorrect orders, therefore seriously effecting patient outcomes. Specifically on SLA 4 there was a recent incidence of a patient coming off of an
Type one diabetes is one type of diabetes. Type one diabetes is usually diagnosed in children and young adults. Only 5% of people with diabetes have this form of disease. In type one diabetes, the body does not produce enough insulin. Type one diabetes is very rare and a terrible disease.
There are many types of diabetes. The two I will be discussing are type 1 and type 2. Type 1 generally affects young people and requires treatment with insulin. Five to ten percent of Americans with diabetes have this type. People with type 1 diabetes do not produce insulin and need regular shots of it to keep their blood glucose levels normal. People who are at risk for type 1 are those who have a family history of the disease,
The rareness of type one diabetes is decreasing as there was a 21% increase in type one diabetes over the years of 2001-2009. People usually develop type one diabetes as a teenager or young-adult. Type one diabetes is also known as juvenile-onset diabetes. Scientists do not have a definite reasoning behind the development of diabetes but there are a couple of triggers that can lead to type one diabetes including: bad genes, some viruses, and a poor, unhealthy diet from youth. People with type one diabetes must take insulin injections for the rest of their lives. Insulin injections are not a cure for the disease, but a person living with a healthy diet and taking insulin can live their lives
Diabetic ketoacidosis is considered to be one of the most life threatening complications for Type 1 diabetics. Along with it being the most common cause of death in Type 1 diabetics under the age of 40 (Mills & Stamper, 2014). Diabetic ketoacidosis, also known as DKA, is when there are consistently high levels of glucose in the blood and not enough insulin to allow the body to function properly. The body then begins to breakdown body tissue in order to create energy in lieu of glucose. Acidic ketones begin to build up in the body and become toxic (Mills & Stamper, 2014). The amount of patients that are admitted to the hospital for a DKA episode are staggering, approximately 8,400 people were admitted from the span of April 2010 to March 2011.
A. Type One diabetes is caused by the absence of insulin and is usually diagnosed in children.
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a condition in the body that is related to a faulty metabolism. It means that the body’s metabolism is not functioning properly, which leads to adverse effects in the health. The food we ingest, gets broken down into blood sugar (glucose), which is what fuels our body in the form of energy. This converted glucose needs to enter our cells so that it can be used for energy and growth. And in order for the glucose to enter our cells, there needs to be insulin present, which the beta cells of the pancreas is responsible for producing. This hormone is responsible for maintaining glucose level in the blood. It allows the body cells to use glucose as a main
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is an acute life threatening complication of diabetes. Although DKA is most common in patients with type 1 diabetes, it can also occur in those with type 2 as seen in our patient from the case study. DKA develops when there is an absolute or relative deficiency of insulin and an increase in the levels of insulin counter regulation (Huether & McCane, 2104). DKA is characterized hyperglycemia, ketoacidosis, and ketonuria.
Diabetic ketoacidosis is a complication for some patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus as well as for non-insulin dependent. It is treated commonly in the intensive care unit (ICU), even though clinical data from many studies support management in regular (medical/surgical) wards, avoiding expensive critical care unit costs and preventing bed crisis in these higher level of care units for sicker patients. Once the patient is treated, adequate follow up and education is mandatory. Noncompliance remains the primary concern for repeated admissions.
(3) Diabetes mellitus is a serious metabolic disease that results in hyperglycemia as a result of ineffective or total inaction of insulin secretion. This condition is most often the result of a defective pancreas that can lead to damage to the heart, kidneys and blood vessels.