The Light-Dependent Process Of Photorespiration And C4 Plants

Photosynthesis is the process in which plants consumed inorganic materials like solar light, carbon dioxide and water and converted it to an organic molecule like sugar and an inorganic gas like oxygen. Light is one of the major elements influencing the rate of photosynthesis; direct light concentration affects the noncyclic pathway (light

The process of photosynthesis, by which light energy is used to convert inorganic compounds into organic substances with the release of oxygen, may be the most important biological event sustaining life (Keir et al. 2017). In the light-dependent reactions, the chloroplasts of a plant use the pigment chlorophyll to convert light energy into chemical energy. This energy is used to split water and produce oxygen (Eller et al. 2015). The energy is later used in the light independent reactions, where carbon dioxide (CO2) undergoes carbon fixation with the aid of enzyme rubisco, because it catalyses both carboxylation and oxygenation reactions and most of responses of photosynthesis to light, CO2, and temperature (John Evans 2013).

Unlike photosynthesis, cellular respiration is an exergonic reaction where energy is released, rather than absorbed. This released energy is called ATP, the energy currency of the cell.

ATP and NADPH are produced in light dependent reactions. These products are used to fuel

This is when carbon enters the process. Before the reaction occurs, carbon dioxide gas must enter the stroma. 3 carbon dioxide molecules, along with 3 RuBP(ribulose biphosphate), are turned into a three carbon molecule called 3-PGA (3-Phosphoglyceric acid). That is then turned into 6 molecules of G3P (glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate) using the ATP and NADPH, leaving depleted ADP and NADP to be recharged in the light dependent reactions. One G3P leaves the cycle and is then used directly as a source of energy, or two G3Ps can be converted into glucose.

During photosynthesis, the section that is light dependent stage is in the thylakoids in the Mitochondria of a plant cell, while the light independent stage is in the stroma of the Mitochondria of a plant cell, specifically named the Calvin cycle. The light dependent and light independent stage work together to perform photosynthesis. The light independent gives ATP and NADPH to the light independent stage. In return, the light independent stage gives the light dependent stage NADP+ and ADP. The light dependent stage works in the thylakoids of the Mitochondria in a plant cell. It starts off by light energy being absorbed by photosystem II,

Light dependent reactions occur in the chloroplasts of a plant. Inside of chloroplasts are membranes called thylakoids, a folded membranous structure that holds chlorophyll. In order for the plant to make glucose, the plant must harness light energy and change it into chemical energy. In light dependent reactions, the plant uses light energy to make ATP and NADPH. The ATP is used in the next stage of the reactions, the light independent, also known as the Calvin Cycle. The light first enters photosystems I and II. The photosystems contain chlorophyll to help them capture the light. The light excites electrons which then passes its energy to another pigment molecule. When it passes its energy on, the electron drops into a stable energy level

Photosynthesis, the basis of life as it produces oxygen that many organisms need, is often seen as the general equation CO2+H2O+lightC6H12O6+O2, yielding glucose and oxygen as products. However, when the process is further broken down, photosynthesis can be divided into two reactions: light-dependent and light-independent. In addition, because photosynthesis is an endergonic reaction, the process will be slow to happen due to the fact that the products have more energy than the reactants. Furthermore, before glucose and oxygen can be produced, the light-dependent reaction must occur first. In this reaction light strikes the chloroplast causing a series of reactions, such as water splitting, the production of ATP, and NADPH is produced as an end result. After this occurs, the light-independent reaction occurs, starting with ATP and NADPH to reduce carbon dioxide to sugar. Carbon dioxide is then broken and carbon enters the cycle to leave as sugar, while the ATP generates energy for the reaction and NADPH adds electrons to form the sugar. In the end, glucose is made after several turns of the Calvin cycle. Overall, both the cycles work together in order to form sugar and oxygen that is essential to many living

Photosynthesis occurs within the mesophyll, also known as the inner middle layer of the leaf which contains numerous chloroplasts (4). Chloroplasts are the organelles where photosynthesis takes place (5). Furthermore, chlorophyll is the green pigment within the chloroplasts where the sunlight is absorbed (5). This lab consisted of using elodea leaves submerged in sodium bicarbonate (a compound used to help the reaction produce O2) along with different colored lights (red, green, and blue) to observe the effect that the different wavelengths have on the rate of photosynthesis. The experiment also incorporated elodea leaves (also submerged in sodium bicarbonate) with the use

Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide and water and produces glucose. Photosynthesis provides the inputs for cellular respiration. Unlike cellular respiration which has three stages, photosynthesis has only two main stages, light reactions and the calvin cycle. The light reactions stage uses two different photosystems: water-splitting and NADPH-producing. These photosystems contain hundreds of pigment molecules such as chlorophyll a and b, and carotenoids. These pigments are very important for absorbing and reflecting light for the light reactions. The main fucnction of this first stage is to generate ATP and NADPH for the calvin cycle. The ATP and NADPH are used up along side carbon dioxide molecules to form an energy-rich sugar labeled G3P. G3P molecules are what are used to contrsuct glucose as well as other organic molecules. Carbon dioxide is essential for photosynthesis. Some plants are not able to receive the appropriate amount of carbon dioxide and therefore suffer as a result. However, some planst such a C4 and CAM plants have made evolutionary adaptations that allow the plant to still perform photosynthesis and survive on minimal amounts of carbon dioxide. These evolutionary adaptations also help to reduce water

The light-independent phase (also called the Calvin cycle) uses the NADPH created from the light-dependent phase and combines it with atmospheric CO2 in the stoma of the leaf. The protein called RuBisCO is an enzyme which helps to catalyze this reaction, and uses the ATP created in the light-dependent phase to complete the reaction. The complete reaction converts six water molecules and six CO2 molecules into glucose (C6H12O6) molecules and six O2 molecules.

     Photosynthesis has a two-stage performance before plants produce the two products they are known to produce. These stages are Photosystem I and II. Photosystem II is dependant on light reactions for energy which causes the electrons to be react and be transferred to Photosystem II. The electrons are transported through the Photosystem II electron transport system, however some energy is used to drive ATP synthesis. Meanwhile, light is being absorbed by the Photosystem I, which causes the electrons to react. This process sends the electrons to the Photosystem I transport system where some energy is released as electrons travel through the electron transport system and is captured as NADPH. When this process is completed oxygen is released from the plant and glucose has been

The surface of the leaf is uniformly coated with a water-resistant waxy cuticle that protects the leaf from excessive absorption of light and evaporation of water. The transparent, colourless epidermis layer allows light to pass through to the mesophyll cells where most of the photosynthesis takes place.

Light-dependent process, a temperature-independent reaction where light energy is absorbed by the photosynthetic pigments and transformed into chemical energy which is used for water, splitting into oxygen molecule, proton (H+) for driving ATP during phosphorylation, and electron (e-) which is being passed down the electron transport chain to yield NADPH.

In this project I believe the outcome will be that light energy is essential for photosynthesis to occur. The aim was to show that light is necessary for photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is the process of converting light energy into chemical potential energy and storing it as starch. This process occurs in plants and some algae. Plants need light energy, CO2, and H2O to make sugar. The process of photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts,