The Process of DNA Replication Essay

First adenosine monophosphate (AMP), a covalent enzyme, must be formed and linked to a lysine enzyme. Next AMP will transfer to the 5' phosphate end of the missing section between the Okazaki fragments. Last –OH will help remove the AMP sealing the phosphate backbone together producing a continuous DNA strand ("DNA Ligase," n.d.). A visual representation of ligase joining two Okazaki fragments can be viewed in Figure 2.

sentences. DNA bases pair up with each other, to form units called base pairs. Most DNA

How DNA replicates is quite a simple process. First, a DNA molecule is "unzipped". In other words, it splits into two strands of DNA at one end of the DNA molecule. This separation will cause a formation of a replication fork.

To understand the transformation lab we did, you need some background information to help understand what we did. The DNA structure is formed in a double helix which means it has two strands and consists of nucleotides. Each nucleotide contains deoxyribose sugars that are bonded by phosphodiester which bond to a phosphate group and a nitrogen base. The nitrogen base matches up to the nitrogen base on the opposite strand of the double helix. There are two types of nitrogen bases that occur, purine which is either A or G which form a hydrogen bond with pyrimidine which is either T or C. When DNA is replicated the hydrogen bonds that hold the strands together break down by an enzyme and then the RNA primase is added so DNA polymerase 3 can attach

RNA self-replicates by the ribozymes, which provide catalytic reactions on their own nucleotides. Ribozymes can speed up a reaction and the short RNA sequences are eventually connected due to the ribozyme speeding up the reaction. The short sequences of RNA go with the ribozyme. The ribozyme speeds up the entire polymerization of the sequences. The short sequences become one long strand of RNA. The nucleic acid replication evolved by the ribozymes putting together the short sequences of RNA making a large molecule.

Polymerase I serves to synthesize the new DNA 5’ to 3’ in replication as well as transcription of prokaryotic cells. If the new DNA strand was not synthesized, then no new DNA could be formed, meaning that the cell would most likely die from lack of genetic information. Polymerase I is an initiator enzyme that begins the process by synthesizing a new DNA strand. This is followed by Polymerase II which synthesizes proteins, and then Polymerase III proofreads the entire strand ensuring that no mistakes were made. Without a

There are several enzymes that take part in the DNA replication process. They are Helicase, DNA Polymerase III and Primase. In helicase, this enzyme has several functions in helping make the replication fork so different functions are allowed to occur (Wolfe, 2016). Helicase unravels the double DNA helix to a single stranded template of Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine and Guanine allowing these to be copied (Wolfe, 2016). DNA helicase during single strand separation from the helix also forms the replication fork (Wolfe, 2016). This in turns during the single strand of the nucleotides A, T, C, G still have match together for correct sequence

PCRs, or polymerase chain reactions, synthesis DNA strands complementary to a template strand (1). In order for a complete PCR reaction to take place, there are three steps that must take place. First, denaturation occurs. This means that the DNA is heated to 95°C in order to make it single-stranded. Next, annealing takes place, usually around 65°C.

First, let’s understand where DNA replication is happening along the DNA. The whole region of unwound DNA is called the

Transcription is used to base pair a strand of complementary mRNA from a section of DNA. This stage uses an enzyme called RNA polymerase very similar in function to DNA polymerase. First RNA polymerase will bind a DNA molecule and separate its two strands. One strand of this DNA will be template to create nucleotides in a complementary mRNA strand. Specific parts of the DNA or promoters will tell RNA polymerase where it should begin transcribing a section of mRNA. Other promoters on the DNA signal that the mRNA is complete and transcription

The DNA replication is very complex and requires the involvement of many different components. Before a cell divides, its DNA is replicated or duplicated. Because the two strands of a DNA molecule have complementary base pairs, the nucleotide sequence of each strand automatically supplies the information needed to produce its partner. If the two strands of a DNA molecule are separated, each can be used as a pattern or template to produce a complementary strand. Each template and its new complement together then form a new DNA double helix, identical to the

As the 2 DNA strands open at the origin, replication, 2 strands open forming replication forks(Y shaped) then new strands grow on the forks As the 2 DNA strands open, replication bubbles form, Prokaryotes (Bacteria) have a SINGLE bubble, and Eukaryotic chromosomes have many bubbles. Enzymes unwind and separate the 2 DNA strands by breaking the weak hydrogen bonds. Single strand binding proteins attach and keep the 2 DNA strands separated and untwisted. Enzyme topoisomerase attaches to the 2 different forks of the bubble to relieve stress on the DNA molecule as it separates. Before new DNA strands can form, they must be RNA primers present to start the addition of new nucleotides. Primase is the enzyme that synthesizes the RNA primer, DNA polymerase can then add the new nucleotides. Cloning is a good

DNA replication, or DNA synthesis, is the process in which makes a copy of itself prior to cell division. Every cell needs a copy of genetic material. The cell needs an entire copy of the DNA molecule, so for humans that means 46 chromosomes in 23 pairs. Even though a cell needs an entire copy of the DNA, it only uses a portion of it. There are three major steps to DNA synthesis: binding of the enzyme to the DNA, unwinding and unzipping of the DNA, and synthesis of new complementary strand.

Only one of the two strands of DNA act as a template for transcription. The antisense strand of DNA is read by RNA polymerase starting from the 3' end to the 5' end during transcription which proceeds from 3' end to the 5' end. The complementary RNA is created in the exact opposite direction, i.e. the 5' to 3' direction, matching the sequence of the sensestrand with the exception of replacing uracil with thymine. This directionality occursas RNA polymerase is only able to add nucleotides to the 3' end of the elongating mRNA chain.

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) can be termed as an enzymatic, molecular “xeroxing” process in which a particular region of DNA is replicated several times to yield thousands of copies of a specific sequence. The process of PCR employs a precise pattern of heating and cooling of samples in a thermal cycler, over 30 cycles.