The word Metrosideros is derived from two Greek words –“metra” which means “core or heart”, and “sideron” which means “iron”. Thus, Metrosideros species are referred to as iron-hearted trees referring to the durability and hardness of their wood (Dawson & Stemmermann, 1990). The genus Metrosideros belongs to the family Myrtaceae which consists of around 135 genera and more than 3000 species. A substantial number of species of this family are found in Australia and South America while fewer species are found in Africa (Wilson, 1996). Metrosideros is a widely distributed genus with representatives in the Philippines, New Guinea, New Caledonia, New Zealand and many of the Pacific Islands but missing in Australia, Indonesia, or Micronesia (Wilson, 1996). One outgroup species, M.angustifolia, is also present in South Africa (Dawson, 1975). There are about 53 species in genus Metrosideros across the Pacific ranging from the Philippine Islands to New Zealand in the south and reaching to various volcanic Islands in the east including Hawaii (Dawson & Stemmermann, 1990). New Zealand (with 12 spp.) and New Caledonia (with 16 spp.) are considered to be centres of diversity for the genus. The New Zealand group includes six root climbing vines (M. albiflora, M. carminea, M. colensoi, M. diffusa, M. fulgens, and M. perforata), one shrub (M. parkinsonii) and five tree species (M. bartlettii, M. excelsa, M. kermadecensis, M. robusta, and M. umbellata) (Dawson, 1988). New Zealand is
Every forest has a story to tell. By looking closely at its habitants, that story can be interpreted. Much of this narrative is written in the trees: their age, their tolerance to shade, and the rate at which they grow are all characteristics that can imply a lot about their environment. Exploring these relationships and how they connect with each other can indicate the health and history of the land. Heiberg Forest, located in northern New York, was once used for agricultural purposes in the 1800-1900’s. (Nowak, Lecture Notes) Much of the land once used for farming was left to regrow back into a young forest. The life history of different tree species can be determined by examining the most common species in Heiberg.
The topography of the island is also of note. The west end of the island features a closed-canopy forest with more hardwood trees. The east end of the island is better characterized as a “boreal forest,” a term used to describe regions that are mostly covered by coniferous forests. It is good to note that the balsam fir is found on both ends of the island, but that samples used in the study from the west end of the island were, on average, older, but shorter, than those samples found on the east side of the island.
Habitat: Commonly found in terrestrial. Forest light gaps, slips, margins, disturbed sites, open habitats, riverbeds, cliffs, inshore and offshore islands, fernland, herbfield,
The Burnt Area of Mount Pilot contains mixed stands of competing, seedlings with slower growing Callitris seedlings and re-sprouting Eucalyptus trees. There is few Callitris endlicheri, as the species is fire sensitive and often destroyed by fire, particularly when in quick succession. Prior to the 2003 fire the site was dominated by Callitris species of tree. The seedlings that emerged were mostly Eucalyptus, with less dense Callitris seedlings proving that the growth of Callitris is not consistent with long term site suitability. Surprisingly, more Eucalyptus seedlings died in the first six years of regeneration that Callitris seedlings; competition in co-existence does not determine survivability. The major trend is that the growth of Eucalyptus seedlings is faster than that of Callitris seedlings. The density of Eucalyptus seedlings is shown to effect Callitris seedlings growth which thrives where Eucalyptus seedlings are sparser. Callitris may take 7-15 years to produce sufficient seeds (Cohn, Lunt, Ross, & Bradstock, 2011; I. Lunt, Jones, N., & Petrow, M.,, 2003; I. Lunt, Price, J.,, 2016; Ian D Lunt, Zimmer, & Cheal, 2011; Zimmer, 2012).
Please record the address of the property where the samples were collected, or—even better—provide GPS coordinates). You will bring these leaves to the college and will identify the trees they came from using accepted scientific methodology. I will give you guidance in how to identify the tree species. (Note that this may involve meeting outside of class time). You will then write a paper, using the same format as your regular lab report, on the identity of the trees, whether they are native to our area or not, and discuss why they might be growing where you found them. Your paper will be reviewed and you will have the option to either accept the grade given, or correcting any problems found. If problems are corrected, your grade will be raised to the maximum and your paper submitted for possible publication online at www.saturnjournal.org. This will be worth 10 bonus points. 3. Extra exam credit. There will be four bonus points available on each of the two lab practicals, and five bonus points on the final lecture exam, for a total of thirteen bonus points. Total bonus points available = 30. When added to your lowest qualifying exam grade, this equates to a maximum of six (6) points added to your final course average. EXAM POLICY: A. Repeating exams. Please note that each exam may be taken once only. Exams may not be repeated because you are not happy
The Chaparral and Coastal Sage Scrub have a variety of different plant species, from Torrey Pine to Cacti. They each contain some helpful adaptations that have resulted from directional selection over
Whitney, L. (1997). Taro varieties in hawaii. Honolulu: College of Tropical Agriculture & Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa.
Currently, the main cause of biodiversity loss in Australia is very much due to human intervention in nature—this leading cause being habitat destruction. Thus, it is no surprise that the demolishing of the rainforest is a major problem and threat to Australian biodiversity. As of now, with the massive amount of deforestation occurring daily around the globe, Australia is the only western country to still have large patches of rainforest. Thankfully, today’s world has seen a surge in activism. Thus, it is no surprise that there are many movements and campaigns by the Australian people to protect their environment.
A chaparral biome is a plant community shaped by a specific climate characterized by hot, dry summers, and rainy winters. This climate is known as the Mediterranean climate and it occurs in regions located within the Mediterranean Basin. Although Mediterranean climate is common within the Mediterranean Basin, it is not exclusive to this area. It can also be experienced in many other areas throughout the world including Cape Town located in South Africa, the western coast of South America, and the western coast of the United States of America. These area’s specific climate are what allows them to be categorized them as chaparral biomes. This essay will focus on the latter of these aforementioned chaparral biomes, specifically the chaparral biome found in Southern California.
In the nature preserve we came across two types of ecosystems. The first ecosystem we encountered as we entered the preserve was the Tropical Hardwood Hammock. The Hammock includes the very interesting Gumbo Limbo (Bursera simaruba), along with the Caribbean Mahogany (Sweitenia mahoganii), and False Tamarind (Lysiloma latisiliqua). Three of the exotic species that live in the Hammock include the Brazilian Pepper (Schinus terebinthifolius), Australian Pine (Casaurina equisetifolia), and Melaluca tree (Melaluca quinquenervia). The second ecosystem we encountered was the Pine Rocklands. In the Rocklands you can find the Coontie (Zamia pumila), Sabal Palm (Sabal palmetto), and Saw Pametto (Serenoa repends), which are all native species. As for exotic species, often you
Large variety of plants that the Daintree Rainforest is considered a jungle including 390 rare plants
To see the differences of the two sites, basal area, density, species richness, and the Shannon diversity index were used. Basal area and density is the average amount of space of trees in hectares. Basal area is taken using the tree diameters while density uses the number of trees. Species richness is the number of species found. Abundance of each species is used to find the Shannon diversity index. The Sorensen similarity index compares the areas based on the number of the same species. Also, different species were looked at to find the relative basal area, relative density, and importance value of the trees. There were differences and similarities in both
Pringsheimii Urb.), and a shrubby Lobelia measuring one or two meters, the Lobelia assurgens L., which is found but rarely in Cuba and in Jamaica were blooming. The plant in Haiti closely resembles the Cuban’s (var. santa-clarae McVaugh) than the Jamaican’s (var. jamaicensis Urb.). Their stem leaves are large and membranous… The flowers are dark red and flat (fig. 10).
Only a century ago, South America's primitive forests blanketed the entire region from the southern tip of the continent north half the length of Chile's coast and eastward into Argentina's Patagonia. Beech trees of the genus Nothofagus covered most of the region, mixed with evergreen and various deciduous trees. Once extending more than 35 million acres, these forests comprised the largest stands of pristine temperate rainforest in the world (Nash 1994). Nothofagus beeches are among the most ancient species of trees and have been on Earth more than 150 million years. Soon after their arrival in the 16th century, European settlers began logging these forests, but not until the 20th century did widespread clearance begin. During the 1940s
The African tulip tree (Spathodea campanulata) is a native species of tree that is found along the West coast of Africa from Ghana to Angola and inland across the center of the continent to southern Sudan and Uganda. (Source #1) The vivid fiery hue of the flowers of the African tulip tree contributed to its introduction to Puerto Rico more than a century earlier as an ornamental. (Source #2) More than a century later the African tulip tree has contributed to the reforestation of lands formerly abandoned by agricultural collapse. It is now the most abundant tree in the secondary forests of Puerto Rico. (Source #3) The opportunistic nature of the resilient African tulip tree has transformed the landscape of Puerto Rico by providing habitat and aiding in the recovery of flora and fauna due to anthropogenic ecocide.