4. Explain the roles of each of the S main components of the electron transport chain. What are their individual roles; whom do they oxidize, whom do they reduce, do they pump protons? What complexes has the highest redox potential, and what does that mean for electron affinity and electron energy level.

4. Explain the roles of each of the S main components of the electron transport chain. What are their individual roles; whom do they oxidize, whom do they reduce, do they pump protons? What complexes has the highest redox potential, and what does that mean for electron affinity and electron energy level.

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Description: Question 4. 4. Explain the roles of each of the 5 main components of the electron transport chain. What aretheir individual roles; whom do they oxidize, whom do they reduce, do they pump protons?What complexes has the highest redox potential, and wha

Biology 2e

2nd Edition

ISBN:9781947172517

Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann Clark

Publisher:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann Clark

Chapter6: Metabolism

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 7RQ: Which of the following comparisons or contrasts between endergonic and exergonic reactions is false?...

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2. a) Energetics of the electron transport. In the oxidative phase of oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are passed from NADH and ultimately to molecular oxygen through an electron transport chain comprised of multiple redox centers. Assume that an electron is passed through the chain along the route shown below. Clearly, there are steps missing, but we will skip those to emphasize the energetics of the electron transport. Calculate DE' and DGº' for each electron transfer step and record the values in the table. The reduction potentials for each of the redox centers are given in table 11.1. (F=96.4 kJ/V mol) Route: NADH → (Fe-S)N-5,6 Coenzyme Q → Cytochrome c₁ → Cytochrome a3 ⇒ 0₂ Table 11.1 STANDARD REDUCTION POTENTIALS (E°') FOR SELECTED ELECTRON CARRIERS IN THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM Electron carriers NAD+ + H+ + 2e → NADH Complex I (NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase) Fe-S (N-1b) Fe-S (N-3,4) Fe-S (N-5,6) Complex II (succinate dehydrogenase) FAD + 2H+ + 2e → FADH₂ (enzyme bound)…
4. How many moles of ATP would be formed from 10.5 moles of NADH and 6.75 moles of FADH₂ during electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation.
1 what is the common intermediary in the catabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids? 2 What cyclic pathway doe sthis common metabolite enter? 3 what are the roles of NAD+ and FAD in metabolism 4 what are the reduced forms of NAD+ and FAD? 5 what are the entry point for the reduced forms of NAD+ and FAD in the electron transport chain?
6. The lens of the eye si the light refracting medium of the eye, and ti has no mitochondria. Glucose is used sa an energy source ni the lens. Which metabolic pathway of glucose supplies energy to the crystalline eye lens? To answer the question: a) write a diagram of the metabolic pathway that provides the eye's lens with ATP, specify enzymes and coenzymes; b) mark the reactions associated with the ATP consumption and synthesis, calculate the ATP yield during the process; )c specify the mechanisms ofATP synthesis ni the process; d)name the tissues and cells in which the ATP synthesis is the same as in hte lens; e) writethe dehydrogenation reaction and the reactionoffinal product formation occurring in the process;
17. Which of the following chemical formula summarizes cellular respiration? Group of answer choices 6CO2 + 6O2 + light energy  6H2O + C6H12O6 6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy  C6H12O6 + 6O2 C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP C6H12O6 + 6H2O  6O2 + 6CO2 + ATP
18. The figures below illustrate the similarities between ATP synthesis in mitochondria and chloroplasts. Mitochondrion NADH H,0 Δ H*. ATP ADP P; Inner Mitochondrial Membrane Chloroplast H,O NADP+ NADPH H* H+- ATP ADP Thylakoid Membrane A A Hydrogen ion O Electron The figures can best assist in answering which of the following questions? (A) Do electron transport chains create a gradient so that ATP synthase can generate ATP molecules? (B) What are the sources of energy that drive mitochondrial and chloroplast electron transport systems? (C) What is the optimal temperature at which ATP synthase chemically converts ADP and a phosphate group into one molecule of ATP? (D) What is the evolutionary relationship between the ATP synthase in mitochondria and the ATP synthase in chloroplasts? A +B + energy → AB 19. Which of the following best characterizes the reaction represented above? (A) Hydrolysis (B) Catabolism (C) Oxidationreduction (D) Exergonic reaction (E) Endergonic reaction
4) What are the different components of the electron transport chain, where are they situated in cells? Write down the ultimate electron donor and acceptor for each component. How is the released free energy immediately stored during each of these oxidation-reduction reactions (as the reactions are executed)?
18. The figures below illustrate the similarities between ATP synthesis in mitochondria and chloroplasts. Mitochondrion A NADH H,0 H* ΑΙΡ ADP Inner Mitochondrial Membrane ΔΔ Chloroplast H2O H+ NADP+ NADPH H*. AA ΑΙΡ ADP P; Thylakoid Membrane A Hydrogen ion O Electron The figures can best assist in answering which of the following questions? (A) Do electron transport chains create a gradient so that ATP synthase can generate ATP molecules? (B) What are the sources of energy that drive mitochondrial and chloroplast electron transport systems? (C) What is the optimal temperature at which ATP synthase chemically converts ADP and a phosphate group into one molecule of ATP? (D) What is the evolutionary relationship between the ATP synthase in mitochondria and the ATP synthase in chloroplasts?
4. Two chemical reactions also contribute to the generation of the electrochemical gradient. What are the reactions, where do they occur, and why do these factors affect the gradient? 5. The electrochemical gradient can be utilised by ATP synthase to generate ATP - explain how the location and structure of ATP synthase enable it to perform this function. e) The light reactions of photosynthesis generate ATP and NADPH for use in the dark reactions (i.e., the Calvin cycle). Why are they needed?
6. A hypothetical electron-transport chain contains an electron donor (1), an electron carrier (2), and an electron acceptor (3). Which of these molecules has the highest redox potential? Explain why the answer is correct and why the other two are wrong.
1. For each of the electron-transport complexes, write the relevant redox half-reactions. 2. Discuss the energy transformations that occur in converting the free energy of glucose to the free energy of ATP.
Which of the following comparisons or contrasts between endergonic and exergonic reactions is false? Endergonic reactions have a positive ?G and exergonic reactions have a negative ?G Endergonic reactions consume energy and exergonic reactions release energy Both endergonic and exergonic reactions require a small amount of energy to overcome an activation barrier Endergonic reactions take place slowly and exergonic reactions take place quickly.