Based off of the concept of the COVID-19 vaccination, which of the following conditions is very similar to that same concept used to develop immunity to the COVID- 19 virus? a. postinfectious arthritis b. type I diabetes c. lupus d. heart attacks e. grave’s disease
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Based off of the concept of the COVID-19 vaccination, which of the following
conditions is very similar to that same concept used to develop immunity to the COVID-
19 virus?
a. postinfectious arthritis
b. type I diabetes
c. lupus
d. heart attacks
e. grave’s disease
Step by step
Solved in 2 steps
- From: "Towards a universal flu vaccine" Researchers are trying to create a universal influenza vaccine - one that can confer immunity to all, or nearly all, strains of influenza virus. The universal vaccine will target a stable antigen that is present on all influenza viruses that does not readily mutate to different forms. The target researchers are focusing on as a universal stable antigen is on the... O The H spike head. O H spike neck O N spike O Viral envelopeExplain why each choice (a-d) is correct or incorrect. A flu vaccine is needed seasonally to be effective but a polio vaccine is only needed once. The best explanation of this is a. Flu vaccine is substantially weaker than the polio vaccine. b. The polio virus is substantially weaker than the flu virus. c. Exposure to flu vaccine produces no memory cells from proliferating B lymphocytes. d. The flu has several strains that change seasonally.From: "Towards a universal flu vaccine" Each year, the flu vaccine includes antigens from two strains of Influenza A and two strains of Influenza B. These antigens are from the head of the H spikes an area that sticks out from the virus and so, is very easy for human immune cells to detect. However, the problem with using the head of the H spike as an antigen is... O The H spike head mutates very rapidly, so quickly changes to forms not recognized by human immune cells. O The H spike head is exposed on the surface of the virus for only a short period of time. Viruses quickly pull the H spikes back inside the virus, shiclding them from human immune cells. O The H spike head is often too big for the human immune cells to attack. O The H spike head is often too small for the human immune cells to bind to.
- Based on the experience of the Philippines with the dengue vaccine, what can you conclude regarding the use of vaccines? a. Vaccines should be tested for long period of time before allowing any individual to take the vaccine.b. All aspects as on the long-term effects of vaccines, its effect on children, pregnant women, effect to reproductive system, immediate side effects and many more should be analysed first.c. Vaccines take time to be developed and studied for their effectivity and effects.d. All vaccines have side effects, only few individuals should have them.e. Vaccines that were tested for decades could be trusted for its safety but still precaution should be observed.Indicate whether each of the following statements is true (T) or false (F). a. An unsubstantiated association between the MMR vaccine and autism has led some parents to choose not to vaccinate their children. b. The hepatitis B vaccine is associated with cancer of the liver. c. Acellular vaccines have fewer side-effects than cellular vaccines. d. Recombinant DNA technology can be used to reduce the virulence of pathogenic viruses. e. The Rotarix vaccine is a subunit vaccine composed of purified VP4 and VP7 glycoproteins of the human rotavirus. f. Rotavirus is a double-stranded DNA virus that lends itself well to recombinant DNA manipulation.A number of vaccines against the SARS-CoV-2 virus (which causes COVID) are currently in use. Based on what you learned about the immune system and vaccines, this vaccine should provide immunity against this virus because: a Vaccines bind to the variable region of immunoglobulins, and prevent the antibody-antigen interactions required for the virus to be released from cells. b Vaccines elicit a primary immune response and resulting memory cells specific to the viral antigens can persist in the body c Vaccines block clonal expansion of helper T cells which are required for the virus to infect cells d Vaccines block the production of cytokines e Vaccines induce cytotoxic T cells to produce antibodies specific to antigens on the virus
- Which of the following is a commonality between coxsackievirus A16 infection and a varicella zoster infection?Choose one: A. Both infections are caused by viruses in the herpes family. B. Each disease is usually mild and self-limiting in children but is more severe in adults. C. Both viruses can cause a spotted rash to appear on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. D. There is a vaccine available for both viruses.The high degree of mutation in HIV, the accumulation of variant viruses, and the development of resistance to drug regimes are attributed to _____. a. antigenic shift b. gene conversion c. absence of proofreading capability of reverse transcriptase d. antigenic variation of variable surface glycoproteins (VSGs) e. mutation of HIV RNA genome by host-cell RNA polymerase.A researcher performs an experiment where he infects 2 mice (Mouse A and Mouse B) with herpes simplex virus (HSV). To measure the cytotoxicity of CD8+ T cells from Mouse A, he isolates CD8+ T cells from Mouse A and co-cultures them with a mixture of HSV-infected spleen cells from Mouse B. A day later, he checks the co-culture, but none of the infected spleen cells from Mouse B have been killed. What could explain this observation? a.Mouse B does not express the invariant chain (Ii) b.Mouse A and Mouse B express different MHC alleles c.Mouse A does not express TLR2/6 d.HSV immunoevasins block MHC-II expression
- Identify the statement that does not provide accurate evidence as to why HIV is so lethal. a. During the course of infection, HIV increases immune activation by altering intestinal physiology to let more microbes into the blood supply. b. Immune evasion increases in many infections due to HIV virions evolving new and unrecognizable epitopes (antigens). c. In many individuals the virus population evolves to use different receptors to gain access to a greater diversity of host immune cells. d. HIV causes enhanced replication and proliferation of T cells, which allows the immune system to work better at defending against pathogens.Which of the following is acommunicable disease?A. DiabetesB. AsthmaC. MeaslesD. ScurvyTo put an end to the COVID-19 pandemic, vaccines were developed against the virus and people eligible to receive these are encouraged to get vaccinated. How do these vaccines work? * The vaccine will not cause the disease, but will help develop the body’s first line of defense. The vaccine mimics the virus that causes the disease and triggers the creation of antibodies. No answer The presence of the virus in the vaccine will improve the innate immune response of the body. The vaccine causes a mild infection that will trigger the production of antibodies against the virus.