Q: Elaborate on the significance of DNA packaging in the inheritance and transmission of traits.
A: The DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid is the genetic material in living organisms that contain genes…
Q: Define the term maternal effect genes, and explain why the protein products of some of these genes…
A: Genes come in pairs and are responsible for the inheritance and expression of the associated…
Q: What is the difference in meaning between the terms geneticrecombination and crossing over?
A: Genetics is the branch of biology which deals with genes, heredity, and genome in the organism.…
Q: Explain the X-Linkage in Drosophila ?
A: X-linkage is the sex linkage that involves X chromosome. X linkage is the genetic factor or gene…
Q: In what types of cells would you expect de novo methylation tooccur? In what cell types would it not…
A: DNA methylation is a biological process that involves addition of methyl groups to the Deoxy…
Q: Outline the molecular steps in the process of X-chromosomeinactivation (XCI). Which step plays a key…
A: Euchromatin is defined as the active form of chromosomal DNA whereas heterochromatin is defined as…
Q: Explain the two major mechanisms by whichchromosomal rearrangements take place.
A: The breaking and reassembling of chromosomal segments accompanying evolution that can occur within…
Q: Define the Random Monoallelic Expression: Inactivation of the X Chromosome ?
A: They were discovered in 1876. These are the tertiary structures of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)…
Q: How is the process of X-chromosome inactivation similar togenomic imprinting? How is it different?
A: Introduction During the sexual reproduction in fertilization process there is fusion of male gamete…
Q: What is the difference between maintenance methylation and de novo methylation? In what cell types…
A: Methylation denotes the addition of methyl groups on a substrate, or substitution of an atom by…
Q: Define epigenetic inheritance and genomic imprinting.
A: Gregor Mendel is known as the Father of genetics and he discovered that traits/ characters are…
Q: Explain Gene mapping using deletion chromosomes?
A: Genes are the structural and functional units of heredity that carry coded genetic information in…
Q: Genomic imprinting, where gene expression is based on the sex of the transmitting parent,…
A: Question - Genomic imprinting , where genes expression is based on the sex of the transmitting…
Q: With respect to X chromosome inactivation, which of the following statements are correct? OX…
A: X-chromosome inactivation happens at random in female cells during development for one of the two X…
Q: What type of epigenetic change is responsible for genomic imprinting?
A: Epigenetic refers to the patterns of inheritance that involve the alterations in characteristics…
Q: Following X-chromosome inactivation, most of the genes on theinactivated X chromosome are silenced.…
A: Females have two copies of the X chromosome, producing a double dose of X-linked genes. The…
Q: Using coat color in mice and the development of female honeybees as examples, explain how dietary…
A: Epigenetics is a state of gene expression where there are no changes in the DNA sequence but the…
Q: Explain How Transgenic mice are produced by random integration of a foreign gene into the mouse germ…
A: A gene that is transferred naturally or by the help of genetic engineering is called transgene. The…
Q: What is the spreading phase of X-chromosome inactivation? Whydo you think it is called a spreading…
A: Heterochromatization of one X chromosome begins in the late blastocyst stage of the embryonic life.…
Q: In the Fast Forward Box Visualizing X ChromosomeInactivation in Transgenic Mice, suppose the…
A: Transgenic mice are the animal models that are used to study the functions of a specific gene by…
Q: Explain the relationship between DNA methylation andgenomic imprinting.
A: There are several inheritance patterns which violate the law of segregation given by Mendel.…
Q: What is a Barr body? How is its structure different from that ofother chromosomes in the cell? How…
A: Chromosomes are the carrier of genetic material deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). They are coiled in…
Q: Explain how X-chromosome inactivation may affect thephenotype of female mammals
A: The inactivation center called XCI is responsible for the inactivation of X-chromosomes. This center…
Q: Outline the process of X-chromosome inactivation.
A: The X-chromosome contains approximately 1000 genes, which are necessary for the proper development…
Q: Human females who are heterozygous for an X-linked recessive allele sometimes exhibit mild…
A: Gene is a functional unit of heredity. A gene is a sequence of nucleotides in genome that codes for…
Q: describe X-chromosome reactivation.
A: The X chromosome is one of the sex chromosomes that is an essential chromosome for survival. The X…
Q: What type of epigenetic mark is responsible for genomic imprinting?
A: Epigenetic mark allows genes to switch off or on. These generally change the way genes are…
Q: Discuss the types of experimental observations that Mary Lyonbrought together in proposing her…
A: A sex chromosome also termed as allosomes are involved in the determination of sex in individuals.…
Q: Are the following events best explained by mutation or epimutation? A. imprinting of the Igf2 geneB.…
A: DNA is the genetic material in most living organisms. It is the information hub of the cell that…
Q: Describe when X-chromosome inactivation occurs and how thisleads to phenotypic results at the…
A: Chromosomes are the carrier of genetic material deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). They are coiled in…
Q: Chorionic villus sampling is a procedure to determine if there are any abnormalities in chromosome…
A: Chorionic villus sampling is also used for the same purpose. Chorion is basically a membrane that…
Q: Explain how human cells compensate for the X-linkedgene dosage difference in XX and XY nuclei.
A: A sex chromosome is a chromosome that differs from an ordinary autosome in form, size, and behavior.…
Q: Describe the molecular process of X-chromosome inactivation.This description should include the…
A: Introduction: Female offspring has two X chromosomes, one of which is inherited from mother and the…
Q: What is the difference between a sex-influenced gene and a gene that exhibits genomic imprinting?
A: Introduction Phenotype of any organisms is basically controlled by genes present in various loci on…
Q: Briefly explain how transposition causes mutations and chromosome rearrangements.
A: Transposons are the DNA sequences capable of changing its position or location within the genome of…
Q: Describe how chromatin remodeling complexes allowgene expression to occur.
A: Chromatin remodeling is the reorganization of chromatin from a compressed state to a…
Q: Occasionally, a mouse X chromosome is broken into two pieces and each piece becomes attached to a…
A: Chromosomes are thread-like structures situated inside the nucleus of plant and animal cells. Each…
Q: Are the epsilon (ε) and beta (β) genes on chromosome 11 orthologs or paralogs? Explain your answer.
A: Chromosomes are long thread-like structures that carry coded genetic information in the form of DNA.…
Q: Describe how different types of chromosomalrearrangements alter gene expression patterns orgenerate…
A: Chromosomal rearrangement is a that is mutation caused by a breakage in the deoxyribonucleic acid…
Q: Discuss how and why x - linked inactivation alters the genome of a female.
A: Sex determination in humans In humans, sex is determined by the number of "X" chromosomes. The males…
Q: Define the basic principles of chromosome mapping ?
A: Chromosomes can be defined as the thread-like structures present in the nucleus of the cell and they…
Q: XX individuals can be sex-reversed males if one of their X chromosomes contains a translocated…
A: In a normal female, there are two X chromosomes and their karyotype is (46, XX). However, in some…
Q: Explain the mechanisms of disease development that result from or cause geneexpression changes in…
A: Mutations Changes to an organism's DNA sequence . Can be the result of viral infection, exposure…
Q: Briefly explain the differences between somatic and germ line mutations. Also, tell us what kind of…
A: A mutation is a change that occurs in our DNA sequence, either due to mistakes when the DNA is…
Q: 1A. What is the molecular basis for genomic imprinting? B. How is the process of X-chromosome…
A: Genomic imprinting is an inheritance process independent of the classical mendelian inheritance. It…
Discuss the similarities and differences between X-chromosome
inactivation and genomic imprinting
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Solved in 4 steps
- Describe the molecular process of X-chromosome inactivation.This description should include the three phases of inactivationand the role of the Xic. Explain what happens to the X chromosomes during embryogenesis, in adult somatic cells, and duringoogenesis.Outline the molecular steps in the process of X-chromosomeinactivation (XCI). Which step plays a key role in choosing whichof the X chromosomes will remain active and which will beinactivated?Following X-chromosome inactivation, most of the genes on theinactivated X chromosome are silenced. Explain how. Name onegene that is not silenced.
- In X-chromosome inactivation, when is the choice made as to which X chromosome is inactivated? Does this choice occur in embryonic cells, in adult somatic cells, or both?In humans, dosage compensation is accomplished by: inactivating one X chromosome in female somatic cells inactivating one homolog from each homologous pair of chromosomes in female somatic cells inactivating the Y chromosome in male somatic cells increasing gene expression from the X chromosome in male somatic cellIn the Fast Forward Box Visualizing X Chromosome Inactivation in Transgenic Mice, suppose the investigators had looked at the expression of green and red fluorescent protein in early mouse embryos, when the embryos have fewer than 500 cells. What patterns would they likely have observed?
- XX individuals can be sex-reversed males if one of their X chromosomes contains a translocated portion of the Y chromosome that includes the SRY gene. In light of what you now know about X-chromosome inactivation, it seems that this karyotype might have more complex consequences. In fact, although most such males are completely sex-reversed, X-chromosome inactivation can cause some of these XX males to have varying degrees of residual female characteristics. a. X-chromosome inactivation in normal XX embryos occurs earlier in development than SRY production in normal XY embryos. When present on a translocation X chromosome, SRY is subject to inactivation. Formulate a hypothesis to explain why many XX individuals with a translocation X chromosome that includes the SRY gene are not completely sex-reversed (male). b. Based on your answer to part (a), why do you think some individuals with this karyotype are completely sex-reversed?A cytogeneticist is studying the cells from an abnormal female monkey. In some cells, she finds that both X-chromosomes are active (i.e. not packaged into a Barr body), although one of the X-chromosomes appears shorter. She also finds that one of the autosomes are packaged as a Barr body, and she suspects that a translocation event might have been involved. By referring to the mechanism of X-chromosome inactivation, explain the observations made by the scientistow does DNA methylation occur? What enzyme is involved in DNA methylation? What are the consequences of DNA methylation? What is base flipping and why is it significant? How do bacteria use methylation to protect their own DNA? How is methylation is used to silence genes in plants and mammals? What is epigenetic silencing? How is DNA methylation involved in X-chromosome inactivation and genomic imprinting in mammals? What are boundary elements and what role do they play in separating chromatin domains? How do special DNA sites facilitate the transition between euchromatin and heterochromatin? How do boundary elements affect chromatin modification? How do boundary elements function by binding specific proteins? What are the elements required for chromosome function? List the specialized regions that direct essential chromosomal functions. How does the “origin” site initiate DNA replication? Why is a replication of linear DNA more complicated than the replication of circular DNA?
- 4) Explain why you can NOT typically have a Male Calico cat. 5) Can you think of any unusual situation where you might be able to have a Male Calico cat? Explain how this might occur 6) Explain how X chromosome inactivation takes place in mammals at the chromosomal and molecular level. B. What genes are involved in inactivating a human X chromosome? C. What role does X chromosome-specific inactivating transcript --XIST-- non coding RNA play in the inactivation of the human X chromosome.What is FISH? Briefly describe how it works How is FISH used to characterize chromosomal translocations associated with certain genetic disorders and specific types of cancers?In the Fast Forward Box Visualizing X ChromosomeInactivation in Transgenic Mice, suppose the investigators had looked at the expression of green and red fluorescent protein in early mouse embryos, when theembryos have fewer than 500 cells. What patterns wouldthey likely have observed? (Assume that the transgenesmake gene product this early in development.)