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1. From what you have learned in Biology, why is membrane potential essential among plants and animals?
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- 6. For each of the following scenarios described where a molecule or ion is moving from one side of a membrane to the other, select the method by which the molecule or ion is moving. Each answer can be used more than once, or not at all. a. Simple Diffusion b. Facilitated diffusion by a channel protein c. Facilitated diffusion by a carrier/transport protein d. Active transport by a pump e. Could be B or C, not enough information is given . Chloride (Cl-) is an ion that is essential for neuronal signaling and regulating action potential/excitability in neurons. When chloride receptors are opened with a neurotransmitter, Cl- flows from high concentration in the synapse (outside of the cell) to low concentration in the neuron cell. Oxygen gas must cross from the bloodstream into cells and it has the chemical structure O=O. Glucose is a polar molecule that moves from the small intestine, where it is found high concentra to inside the cells that line the digestive tract, where it is found…8. The cartoon at the right depicts a hypothetical cell that has a Lit-K* ATPase (shown as the filled circle with arrows). The cell also contains Lit and K* channels. The membrane is three times more permeable to K* than it is to Li*. The following are the steady state concentrations of Li* and K*: [Li*]out = 100 mM [Li*]in = 5 mM [K*]out = 4 mM Lit ADP + P, ATP [K*lin = 80 mM = 10°C Temp = Assuming that the Vm is produced only by the diffusion of Li* and K*, calculate the Vm.19. If a scientist administers an electrical stimulation to a neuronal cell the most likely results will be to a. start a membrane water pump b. cause increased saturation of phospholipid tails c. increase membrane fluidity and lipid asymmetry d. activate the active transport system e. open gated channels
- 8. Which of the following is not a feature of voltage-dependent ion channels? A. It has a hydrophobic transmembrane domain B. It is activated by a change in the membrane potential C. It is specific to the ion it lets through D. It is a passive transport E. It can be activated by the binding of a ligand1. What is the role of ATP in cell signaling in biochemistry?7. Give an example of a situation where BIP would be expected to bind your made up protein in the cell 8. Give an example of a protein transport system that moves folded proteins across membranes 9. How does the cell achieve unidirectional transport of proteins into the nucleus? BASE ON PROTEIN
- 1. insulin and other hormones can initiate a response by attaching to this type of protein in the plasma membrane 2. this type of membrane protein is required for a charged ion to cross from one side of the plasma membrane to other3. Design an experiment to determine whether a protein is an ion channel or a transporter. Provide some key details on how you would conduct the experiment.12. The most abundant intracellular cation is/ are a. Na+ b. cytosolic Ca+ c. H+ d. K+ e. Positively charged macromolecules
- 9. Match each of the following statements related to membrane transport processes to the appropriate term: passive transport, facilitated transport, active transport. More than one term may apply in a given situation. _a. Movement across the membrane is against the concentration gradient. _b. Proteins serve as "gates." _c. Expenditure of cellular energy is required. _d. Movement across the membrane is from a high to a low concentration.1. When considering tight junctions, adherens junctions, and desmosomes: a. Which ones do not help in resisting mechanical stress and holding cell shape? Why not? b. Considering how the mechanical junctions are placed in the plasma membrane, why don’t they provide a truly sealed barrier?1. Working as an engineer in the R&D section of a biotech industry, you are asked to select a membrane to concentrate a solution containing a protein with a molecular weight of 200 kDa; Fortunately, it has three types of membrane in the cellar: one for MF, one for UF and one for RO. Which one would you choose to perform the required service? Could you establish some characteristics of the chosen membrane?