gluconeogenesis, identify enzymes/steps that catalyze reactions that oppose/ bypass the irreversible steps of glycolysis
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- Glucose is converted to pyruvate in glycolysis, yielding a netsynthesis of 2 ATP. In certain cells pyruvate can be reconverted to glucose during gluconeogenesis. How many ATPsare required to convert pyruvate back to glucose?Some metabolic enzymes undergo large-scale conformational changes to prevent undesirable sidereactions. Provide one example of an enzyme involved in glycolysis or the citric acid cycle thatundergoes a conformational change upon substrate binding. What is the undesirable side reactionthat the conformational change avoids?Cytochrome oxidase and succinate-CoQ oxidoreductase are isolated from mitochondria and are incubated inthe presence of oxygen, along with cytochrome c, coenzyme Q,and succinate. What is the overall oxidation–reduction reactionthat can be expected to take place?
- Galactose derived from lactose during milk consumption can be metabolized via the glycolytc pathway. Arrange the intermediates of galactose metabolism via glycolysis in order trom the first intermediate to the last intermediato. UDP-glucose Galactose UDPgalactose Galactose 1-phonphateYears ago there was interest in using uncouplers such as dinitrophenol as weight control agents. Presumably, fat could be oxidized without concomi- tant ATP synthesis for re-formation of fat or carbohydrate. Why was this a bad (i.e., fatal) idea?Draw the pathway for the conversion of Propionyl CoA to Succinyl CoA as it occurs in thematrix of the mitochondria. Show the structures and names of all reactants and products, as well asthe names of the enzymes. You do not need to draw the structures of ATP, NAD+, CoA, etc., but doshow them as reactants or products in the appropriate places. You do not need to show themechanisms of the enzymes. Draw the pathway for the conversion of Succinyl CoA into 4 CO2. Show the structures andnames of all reactants and products, as well as the names of the enzymes. You do not need to drawthe structures of ATP, NAD+, CoA, etc., but do show them as reactants or products in the appropriateplaces. You do not need to show the mechanisms of the enzymes. How many ATPs would be generated by the complete oxidation of Propionyl CoA into 3 CO2using any of the required enzymes of -oxidation, gluconeogenesis, glycolysis,the citric acid cycle andoxidative phosphorylation?
- In the first stage of glycolysis, fructose-1,6-bisphosphate iscleaved to form glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate. The latter molecule can then be converted to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. Illustrate themechanisms whereby these reactions occuriodoacetate is an irreversible inhibitor of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. which of the following is the expected outcome of the exposure of a cell to iodoacetate - Cellular resiration will stop if the cell solely depends on glucose as fuel - The rate of cellular respiration will increase - The reoxidation of coenzymes will noy be affected , but the efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation will be diminished - There will be no effect on cellular respiration as long as the cell has a large glucose reserve -The cell sill not be able to reoxidize the reduced coenzymesTwo biochemistry students are about to usemitochondria isolated from rat liver for an experiment on oxidative phosphorylation. The directions for the experiment specifyaddition of purified cytochrome c from any source to the reactionmixture. Why is the added cytochrome c needed? Why does thesource not have to be the same as that of the mitochondria?
- The plant toxin fluoroacetate (F-CH2COO2) is easily converted to fluorocitrate when an animal ingests the plant. The2-fluoro-3-hydroxy citrate molecule is a suicide substrate forthe enzyme aconitase. Consider the overall goal of thisenzyme (to remove the OH group from the tertiary carbonand place another OH group on a secondary carbon) andspeculate as to why the reaction to produce isocitrate does notoccur as planned. (Hint: Fluorine is more electronegativethan oxygen.)Glycolysis and gluconeogenesis are effectively two side of the same coin with the aid of a diagram explanations what this statement means by dicribing the reactions of each pathy and discussing thier regulationBecause of the position of arsenic in the periodic table, arsenate (AsO43- ) is chemically similar to inorganic phosphate and is used by phosphaterequiring enzymes as an alternative substrate. Organic arsenates are quite unstable, however, and spontaneously hydrolyze. Arsenate is known to inhibit ATP production in glycolysis. Identify the target enzyme, and explain the mechanism of inhibition.