Lactose is found in milk products. It is converted by the body into a usable form in a series of chemical reactions. The diagram shows the series of reactions that convert lactose into a usable form. Enzyme 1 Enzyme 2 Enzyme 3 Enzyme 4 glucose- 1-phosphate If enzyme 2 is denatured (destroyed), the levels of which substance will increase? • galactose- 1-phosphate galactose glucose- 6-phosphate Lactose
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- You have a crude lysate sample (CL) containing a mixture of six proteins (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ẞ- galactosidase), and your goal is to obtain purified ẞ-gal. Some characteristics of these proteins are shown in the table below. Protein Alcohol dehydrogenase Carbonic anhydrase Insulin B chain Phosphorylase B Glutamic dehydrogenase B-galactosidase 45% Concentration of ammonium sulfate (AS) required for precipitation Molecular Weight (kDa) Isoelectric point (pl) 38 3.7 80% 65% 20% 30% 45% 28 4.8 4 5.3 98 6.8 49 9.5 115 5.3 You begin your purification by performing an ammonium sulfate (AS) precipitation. You add the appropriate concentration of AS to your CL sample, incubate overnight at 4°C, then centrifuge to generate a supernatant (AS-S) and pellet (AS-P). What concentration of AS will you use to precipitate Glutamic dehydrogenase? © 20% O 30% 45% 65% 80%In healthy adults, the concentration of glucose in blood is approximately80 to 110 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dl). After a carbohydrate-richmeal, however, the concentration may spike to 140 mg/dl. Describe thehormonal action that returns blood glucose to normal.What glycolytic intermediate is fructose converted to in the muscle, such that it can be utilized in glycolysis? Glucose 6-phosphate Fructose 6-phosphate Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate Dihydroxyacetone phosphate
- ASAPEnzyme Triacylglycerol Lipase Rennin Catalase Hexokinase Enzyme Official Name (write N/A if not applicable) Enzyme Official Number (4 digits) Simple or Conjugated Enzyme (specify cofactor if applicable) Type of Reaction Catalyzed Substrate Optimum pH Optimum Temperature Function/s Disease (give 1 and describe briefly)Sucrose also known as invert sugar can be enzymatically hydrolyzed by the enzyme amylase to give the individual monosaccharides glucose and fructose True False
- What glycolytic intermediate is fructose converted to in the liver, such that it can be utilized in glycolysis? Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate Glucose 6-phosphate Fructose 6-phosphate Fructose 1-phosphateA sample of glycogen from a patient with liver disease is incubated with orthophosphate, phosphorylase, the transferase, and the debranching enzyme ( α -1,6- glucosidase). The ratio of glucose 1- phosphate to glucose formed in this mixture is 100. What is the most likely enzymatic deficiency in this patient?Fructose is a labeled on its anomeric carbon with 14C. This labeled fructose is added to muscle cells under anaerobic glycolytic conditions, and the secreted lactate is collected. Which carbon in the secreted lactate (shown below) contains the 14C label? دیده OH Carbon 2 Carbon 1 Carbon 3 No carbon contains the label.
- Galactose derived from lactose during milk consumption can be metabolized via the glycolytc pathway. Arrange the intermediates of galactose metabolism via glycolysis in order trom the first intermediate to the last intermediato. UDP-glucose Galactose UDPgalactose Galactose 1-phonphateLactose is made up of D-galactose and one unit of D-glucose joined by a alpa-1,4-glycosidic bond and can be hydrolyzed by the enzyme lactase True FalseDescribe the gluconeogenesis. What are the substrates for gluconeogenesis? (yellow boxes) and write the names of the enzymes belong to the gluconeogenic pathway. Glucose 4 se-6-phosphate usphoglucose isomerase Fructose-6-phosphate Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate HAidolase Triose phosphate Dihydroxyacetone phosphate isomerase Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate P.. NAD CH,OH Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate CH,OPO,- NADH ADP Phosphoglycerate kinase ATP 3-Phosphoglycerate Phosphoglycerate || mutase 2-Phosphoglycerate 2 X Enolase Phosphoenolpyruvate GDP, CO, GIP Oxaloacetate ADP + P, 1 ATP, HCOS Pyruvate