Protein mutations that result in a hyperproliferative (sustained proliferative signaling/uncontrolled growth signals) cell phenotype can be classified as a__
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Protein mutations that result in a hyperproliferative (sustained proliferative signaling/uncontrolled growth signals) cell
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- Cell specializations are usually a modification or elaboration of one of the basic cell functions. (True or fa1se?)Discuss two-three ways that kinases/phosphatases OR proteasomes ensures proper rates of cell division. A- G B I U V C M I Ꭶ C X₂ C x² = 州 순Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) is a peptide hormone (ligand) that binds and activates IGF receptor tyrosine kinase. Once the ligands bind the receptors, the cell undergoes cell division and multiply. Therefore, IGF is important for the growth of muscle and bone tissues during puberty. The way the IGF hormone works is that the hormone-bound IGF receptor tyrosine kinase increases the levels of cyclins inside of the cell and promotes the progression of the cell cycle. Describe how receptor tyrosine kinase works in a general sense and how cyclins regulate the cell cycle.
- "In the cellular regulatory pathways that control cell growth and proliferation, the products of oncogenes are stimulatory components and the products of tumor suppressor genes are inhibitory components" is true or false.Artificially induced apoptosis (controlled cellular death) is found to be an effective treat- ment for some forms of cancer. Which of the following describes the most likely mechanism by which apoptosis might be induced? A B с D by causing ribosomes to increase the rate of protein synthesis by triggering the division of mitochondria in the cell to increase ATP production by increasing the expression of membrane-bound glucose protein channels by causing lysosomes to release digestive enzymes into the cytosolDescribe the effects of the over-expression of mdm2 on cell proliferation and apoptosis on cell signaling pathways and metabolism or cell cycle control. Briefly explain the normal role of each component in the context of the pathway and why its loss or modification would have the expected effect.
- Describe the effects of the mutation causing the p21 promoter to no longer bind p53 on cell signaling pathways and metabolism or cell cycle control.Which of the following changes to the microtubule binding protein, Tau, commonly occurs in Alzheimerâ s and other neurodegenerative diseases? A Tau is hypo-phosphorylated and does not bind to microtubules to destabilize them. B Tau levels are so low in the cell that they only bind to some microtubules. C Tau is hyper-phosphorylated and does not bind to microtubules to stabilize them. D Microtubules are hyper-phosphorylated and do not bind to Tau.The retinoblastoma protein (RB) suppresses human cell division by arresting cells in the G₁ phase of the cell cycle and preventing progression to the next phase. It accomplishes this task by binding to another protein, E2F, a transcription factor needed for further progression through the cell cycle. Normal progression through the cell cycle is accomplished when cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) phosphorylate RB, preventing its binding to E2F. Many viruses can induce abnormal exit from G, using viral proteins that bind to RB at a motif at the N-terminal called LXCXE. An example is the E7 papilloma protein, which causes the excessive proliferation of cells in warts. The site at which LXCXE proteins bind is called the pocket domain and is highly conserved on RB and related proteins in plants and animals. The configuration of the pocket domain is well established. Mutant experimental RB proteins are available with alterations in the conserved amino acids of the pocket domain. A simple…
- The retinoblastoma protein (RB) suppresses human cell division by arresting cells in the G₁ phase of the cell cycle and preventing progression to the next phase. It accomplishes this task by binding to another protein, E2F, a transcription factor needed for further progression through the cell cycle. Normal progression through the cell cycle is accomplished when cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) phosphorylate RB, preventing its binding to E2F. Many viruses can induce abnormal exit from G, using viral proteins that bind to RB at a motif at the N-terminal called LXCXE. An example is the E7 papilloma protein, which causes the excessive proliferation of cells in warts. The site at which LXCXE proteins bind is called the pocket domain and is highly conserved on RB and related proteins in plants and animals. The configuration of the pocket domain is well established. Mutant experimental RB proteins are available with alterations in the conserved amino acids of the pocket domain. A simple…When epidermal growth factor (EGF)—the ligand for the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)—binds EGFR on the cell surface, the intracellular domain of the receptor changes shape into an "active state.” The receptor then induces a cascade of kinases in the cytoplasm, resulting in the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). One effect of EGFR signaling is the stimulation of cell proliferation. Overactive EGFR is frequently found in cancer cells. One strategy for developing anticancer drugs is to target the overactive signaling proteins found in cancer cells. Antibodies are proteins made by immune cells that only recognize specific biomolecules, called antigens. The major component of an anticancer drug is an antibody that specifically recognizes and binds EGFR. Which of the following will most likely happen when this anticancer drug is applied to a tumor that has a high level of EGFR? Tumor cells with active EGFR will increase and MAPK activity in the tumor will…Hormones are chemical signaling molecules produced by specialized cells and transmitted via the circulatory system to all other cells in the body. Which of the following describes a condition that needs to be met for a target cell to re- ceive the signaling molecules? A B с D The size and shape of the target cell needs to be similar to that of the cell that secreted the hormone. The location of the target cell needs to be within the local region of the cell that secreted the hormone. The target cell needs to have sufficient ATP to transport the hormone into the cell. The cytosol of the target cell has to have receptors that recognize and bind the hormone.