refers to a chemical process used in the fast food industry, in which double bonds in fatty acid chains are largely reduced to single bonds; however, this process sometime results in the formation of double bonds in the configuration, which can have adverse health impacts.
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- Unlike saturated fatty acids, the tails of unsaturated fatty acids incorporate one or more _______. a. phosphate groups b. glycerols c. double bonds d. single bondsThe enzyme phosphofructokinase transfers a phosphate from ATP to the hydroxyl group a C1 of fructose. Similar to fructose, water also has a hydroxyl group and the concentration of water is much higher than that of fructose. Explain why the phosphate is transferred to fructose and not to water.Margarine is made from vegetable oil by a chem-ical process. Do you suppose this process converts satu-rated fatty acids to unsaturated ones, or vice versa? Explainyour answer.
- Glycogen is a polysacchsride of which type of macromoleculeDescribe a pathway whereby some of the carbon from a fatty acid with an odd-numbered carbon chain could undergo a net conver- sion to carbohydrate.Glycolipids are nonionic lipids that can orient themselvesinto bilayers as phospholipids do. They accomplish this featalthough they lack an ionic group like that of the phospholipids. Suggest a reason why this is possible.
- C) In biology, a very important concept is that evolution has produced organisms whose structures best perform their required function in the organism. Amazingly, this holds true for ll the levels of organization of matter from whole body parts right down to the molecules that they are made of. The function of glycogen in the body is long-term energy storage. Explain in detail how the chemical structure of glycogen corresponds to this function. aymere te heresuls of le-rancois cthesis that bre chansed. Prop 4) o bod lesinsdo to sod sdoteM viol leounlolovel" slguleov brod Iesims to sgt a) List the major differences in molecular structure between a triglyceride and a phospholipid. avel ln loss ol viq 3 16 100 10 bod obidalDraw an example of an unsaturated fatty acid in both the cis and trans configuration. Number the carbons using the wconvention. Indicate which will have the higher melting pointOils can be converted to fats by a commercial process catalyzed bynickel which is called partial hydrogenation. In relatively mild conditions (180ºC and pressures of about 1.33 atm) a sufficient number of double bonds are hydrogenated and solidify liquid oils. This solid material, margarine, has a consistency similar to butter. Come up with a practical reason why oils don'tthey are completely hydrogenated during commercial hydrogenation processes.
- A fatty acid that has one double bond where the hydrogens (at those carbons) are on the same side: Is termed cisAccording to health experts, saturated fatty acids, whichcome from animal fats, are a major factor contributing tocoronary heart disease. What distinguishes a saturated fattyacid from an unsaturated fatty acid, and to what does theterm saturated refer? Recently, trans unsaturated fatty acids, or trans fats, which raise total cholesterol levels in the body,have also been implicated in heart disease. How does the cisstereoisomer differ from the trans configuration, and whateffect does the cis configuration have on the structure of thefatty acid chain?Lipoprotein particles are relatively large, sphericalclumps of protein and lipid molecules (see Figure 3.18)that circulate in the blood of mammals. They are likesuitcases that move cholesterol, fatty acid remnants, triglycerides, and phospholipids from one place to anotherin the body. Given what you know about the solubilityof lipids in water, which types of lipids would you predict to be on the outside of a lipoprotein clump, bathedin the water-based fluid portion of blood?