The movement of hydrogen ions and phosphate molecules in the same direction across the inner mitochondrial membrane, at the same time, using the hydrogen ion gradient as an energy source, is
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The movement of hydrogen ions and phosphate molecules in the same direction across the inner
mitochondrial membrane, at the same time, using the hydrogen ion gradient as an energy source, is
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- Accumulation of which of the following substances in muscle cells is the cause of stiffness and soreness after vigorous exercise?If a skeletal muscle has depleted its stores of ATP how will the altered transport properties of the following transporters affect cytosolic ion concentrations (increase, decrease, no change) relative to normal? Skeletal Muscle Cell With Depleted ATP Stores Ion transporter Cytosolic K+ Cytosolic Na+ Cytosolic Ca2+ NKA NCX SERCADescribe the contribution of each of the following to establishing and maintaining membrane potential: (a) the Na+K+ pump, (b) passive movement of K+ across the membrane, (c) passive movement of Na+ across the membrane, and (d) the large intracellular anions.
- Explain the contribution of the Na+/K+ pump activity to the genesis and maintenance of the resting membrane potential and indicate which category of membrane transport the Na+/K+ pump belongs toExplain how the process of skeletal muscle excitation–contraction coupling demonstrates the general principle of physiology that controlled exchange of materials occurs between compartments and across cellular membranes.The electrochemical gradient of a muscle cell at rest or its resting membrane potential is slightly negative inside the plasma membrane and slightly positive just outside the plasma membrane and has an ionic gradient of more potassium ions inside the cell and more sodium ions outside the cell. Therefore, a muscle cell at rest is said to be __________________ and has membrane potential. about to exocytose synaptic vesicles containing acetylcholine polarized experiencing an action potential about to allow an influx of potassium ions into the cell depolarized
- Shortly after a person dies, Ca2+diffuses out of the saroplasmic reticulum and the body becomes very still and rigid, a phenomenoncalled rigor mortis (rig′er mōr′tis). Given ATP’s role in myosin head movement, propose an explanation for rigor mortis.In all human cells, there is a higher concentration of calcium ions outside of thecell than on the inside of the cell. Calcium pumps are primary active transportproteins that help to maintain this imbalance. Describe how calcium pumpswork, including the direction of ion transport and the source of energy of thecalcium pumps.Impairment of intracellular calcium homeostasis in muscle fibers lead to chronic, severe muscle dysfunction. Impaired Calcium ATPase activity can lead to abnormal, persistent elevation of intracellular calcium concentrations. Explain how persistently high intracellular calcium concentration would affect cross-bridge formation, and muscle contractions, and muscle tension? (Mention the effects on the steps involved cross bridge formation, and muscle contraction/relaxation cycle, and overall muscle tension).
- Cotransport systems of the internal epithelial cells include the _____ in the intestine facing membrane, the energy requiring _____ facing the blood, and the ________ allowing facilitated diffusuon of glucose out of the cell.How is the occurrence degree of oxidative stress on the membrane measured?Which of both skeletal and smooth muscle is trig-gered by an increase in cytosolic Ca2+.