Which of the following is not an example of an autoimmunedisease?a. multiple sclerosisb. rheumatic feverc. hemolytic disease of the newbornd. systemic lupus erythematosus

Q: Explain why each choice (a-d) is correct or incorrect. In clonal selection of B cells, which…

A: B cell expresses receptors ,that are specific to distinct antigen,  is determined before…

Q: A person who has been vaccinated against a disease should have primarily which of these types of…

A: Immunology deals with the study of the immune cells that fight against the invading pathogens in the…

Q: According to the clonal selection theory, all immunoglobulin molecules in an individual B cell have…

A: *clonal selection theory states that antigen selects lymphocytes for activation from some cells  to…

Q: Which of the following pairs is mismatched? a. activation of memory cells: secondary immune…

A: Explanation given for the mismatch pair.

Q: Which of the following plays a role in the Arthus reaction?a. IgE antibodies. b. complement c.…

A: Arthus reaction is a type III hypersensitivity reaction in which antigen-antibody complexes are…

Q: Which of the following statements is NOT true of a fever? a. Temperature is regulated by chemicals…

A: 1) Option E ( both c and d)  2) option B

Q: Your patient is born without B cells. He cannot a. fight off intracellular infections b. have a Type…

A: Introduction B lymphocytes, commonly known as B cells, produce antibodies, which are a type of…

Q: The cross-linkage of antigenic cells by antibodies is known asa. opsonization b. a cross-reaction c.…

A: Antibodies bind with antigen via non-covalent bonds like hydrogen bonds, van der waals interaction.…

Q: A second exposure to a given foreign antigen elicits a rapid and pronounced immune response…

A: Immunity is the capability of the body to fight against foreign attack and maintain the persistence…

Q: Structures on invading cells recognized by the adaptive immune system are known as a. antigens.…

A: Immunity is the capability of the body to fight against foreign attack and maintain the persistence…

Q: One very effective treatment for SARS-Cov-2 is the injection of serum containing antibodies from…

A: Naturally acquired immunity is when the body encounters live pathogens which causes disease and the…

Q: What does the T-cell receptor on the helper T cell bind? free antigen in soluble form b. antigens…

A:

Q: What is the mechanism by which the AIDS virus causes deficiency ofimmune system of the infected…

A: Viruses can spread through various agents such as air, water, direct contact, and by other means.…

Q: A potential cause of acquired autoimmunity is ________. a. tissue hypersensitivity b. molecular…

A: Autoimmunity can be defined as the immune response of organism against their own healthy tissues.So…

Q: The region of an antibody that is the antigen binding site is thea. constant region. b. variable…

A: Proteins that are Y-shaped that fight against the body’s foreign invaders are called Antibodies.…

Q: Maternal antibodies transmitted via the placenta: A. are an example of natural passive immunity B.…

A: Active immunity is that immunity that is developed because of exposure of the body to an antigen or…

Q: Which of these offers a nonspecific defense against viral infection? a. Antibodies b. Leukotrienes…

A: There are some living organisms that cannot be observed by the naked eye and only can be seen under…

Q: The immunoglobulin that can cross placenta is: a. IgG b. IgE c. IgD d. IgM

A: Immunoglobulins are antibodies produced by the plasma cells in the body as a response to antigens.…

Q: A monoclonal antibody isa. capable of inducing any antigen.b. specific to one antigen.c. responsible…

A: Any abnormal condition that hinders normal body functioning is considered a disease. Immunity, the…

Q: When discussing systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), How can the presence of antibodies cause such…

A: Systemic lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune disorder. In this disorder, the body cannot recognize…

Q: Which of these events is not a part of the second line of defense? You may have more than one…

A: Our body has mainly three line of defence. Defensing foreign substances is important to ensure good…

Q: What is the first step in the antigen-antibody interaction? A.) opsonization B.) epitope production…

A: Out of all the options provided -  Option (A) is INCORRECT - Opsonization is the process of coating…

Q: After a second exposure to a vaccine,   Select one: A.  Antibodies are made slowly and in greater…

A: vaccines are killed or attenuated antigens or antigenic molecules . they are used to prevent…

Q: CD4 markers are associated with (a) cytotoxic cells. (b) suppressor cells. (c) helper T cells. (d)…

A: The T-Cell (T lymphocyte) receptors are the antigen-specific receptors. There are two transmembrane…

Q: A table comparing the biological characteristics of the five classes of immunoglobulins is shown…

A: Immunoglobulins are also called as antibodies which are made by white blood cell (WBC)

Q: Which ONE of the following flow cytometry results is most likely in a patient with chronic…

A: B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) develops from a type of white blood cell called B cells.…

Q: Which of the following is false about HLA class I molecules? A. They are encoded by multiple and…

A: INTRODUCTION HLA Human leukocyte antigen, when a cell is infected with virus or any harmful agent…

Q: Describe a mechanism by which an antigen can enter the lymph node and make contact with the B-cell…

A: The response of B-cell includes two events that take place in different regions and at different…

Q: grafts is mainly caused by

A: Graft rejection is a severe problem in the field of organ transplantation. An immune response is a…

Q: If you are infected with SARS-Cov-2, but have undetectable or low levels of antibodies a few months…

A: The SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes a respiratory disease called COVID-19. It is a member of a large…

Q: About Antigen presenting cells, it is CORRECT to affirm that: a). Macrophages, B lymphocytes and…

A: The immune system protects the body against infection. Cells involved in immune functions are known…

Q: In table form, differentiate Primary from Secondary Immune Response according to the ff. a. type of…

A:

Q: Which of the following cells are primarily targeted by HIV? a. Nerve cells. b. Helper T celIs. c.…

A: HIV targets the immune system. It takes around one to two days to arrive at lymph nodes then these…

Q: Why is there an enzyme attached to the secondary antibody? a. They provide a colometire indication…

A: Introduction Secondary antibodies are especially efficient in immunolabeling, secondary antibody…

Q: . Describe the four types of hypersensitivity reaction as to: A. Antibody involved B. Complement…

A: Four types of hypersensitivity are given below :  Type I: reaction mediated by IgE antibodies. Type…

Q: of the choices, which cells stimulate directly B cells to divide and produce antibodies? a. mast…

A: The immune system provides defense against invading pathogens. It is a complex network of cells,…

Q: Which of the following is NOT a professional antigen presenting cell (i.e. doesn’t express MHCII)?…

A: Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) are crucial for viable immune response, as the working of both…

Q: Which statement is incorrect? a. IgG is the most abundant antibody in blood b. Antibodies can exist…

A: Only Option C is incorrect  Because, Immunoglobulin M (IgM): Found fundamentally in blood and lymph…

Q: Which of the following characteristics is true of large Pre-B cells? Select one: a. They do not…

A: The immune system comprises several cells that participate in the defense mechanisms of the body.…

Q: Which of the following statements is not true?(A) An antibody has more than one antigen-binding…

A: The ability of the body to defend itself against invading foreign agents like bacteria, viruses, or…

Q: Which ONE of the following flow cytometry results is most likely in a patient with chronic…

A: Flow cytometry (FC) is a technique used to detect and measure physical and chemical characteristics…

Viral Infections

Viruses are abundantly found, minute entities that have genetic material enclosed within a protein coat. The proteinaceous material enclosing the genetic material of the virus is called a capsid. The genetic material could be either DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) or RNA (ribonucleic acid). A virus is too minute to be looked at with naked eyes and therefore visualized with the help of a microscope. They are acellular entities that require a host for processes, such as replication, transcription, translation and multiplication. Plants, animals, and bacteria act as host wherein the virus reproduce. Viruses cannot multiply outside the host's body and thus are considered nonliving outside the host body.