Concept explainers
Poke a hole in a piece of cardboard and hold the cardboard horizontally in the sunlight (as in Figure 1.6). Note the image of the Sun that is cast below. To convince yourself that the round spot of light is an image of the round Sun, try using holes of different shapes. A square or triangular hole will still cast a round image when the distance to the image is large compared with the size of the hole. When the Sun's rays and the image surface are perpendicular, the image is a circle; when the Sun's rays make an angle with the image surface, the image is a "stretched-out" circle, an ellipse. Let the solar image fall upon a coin, say a dime. Position the cardboard so the image just covers the coin. This is a convenient way to measure the diameter of the image-the same as the diameter of the easy-to-measure coin. Then measure the distance between the cardboard and the coin. Your ratio of image size to image distance should be about .
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Conceptual Physics (12th Edition)
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