a.
Concept Introduction:
Controllable variance: Controllable variance refers to the overhead variance that is under the manager’s control. It can be determined by subtracting the total actual
Volume Variance: Volume variance refers to the difference between the total budgeted overheads and the standards applied for overheads for actual units produced.
Controllable variance.
b.
Concept Introduction:
Controllable variance: Controllable variance refers to the overhead variance that is under the manager’s control. It can be determined by subtracting the total actual overheads and total budgeted overheads for the actual units produced.
Volume Variance: Volume variance refers to the difference between the total budgeted overheads and the standards applied for overheads for actual units produced.
Volume variance.
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- Refer to the data in Exercise 9.15. Required: 1. Compute overhead variances using a two-variance analysis. 2. Compute overhead variances using a three-variance analysis. 3. Illustrate how the two- and three-variance analyses are related to the four-variance analysis. Oerstman, Inc., uses a standard costing system and develops its overhead rates from the current annual budget. The budget is based on an expected annual output of 120,000 units requiring 480,000 direct labor hours. (Practical capacity is 500,000 hours.) Annual budgeted overhead costs total 787,200, of which 556,800 is fixed overhead. A total of 119,400 units using 478,000 direct labor hours were produced during the year. Actual variable overhead costs for the year were 230,600, and actual fixed overhead costs were 556,250. Required: 1. Compute the fixed overhead spending and volume variances. How would you interpret the spending variance? Discuss the possible interpretations of the volume variance. Which is most appropriate for this example? 2. Compute the variable overhead spending and efficiency variances. How is the variable overhead spending variance like the price variances of direct labor and direct materials? How is it different? How is the variable overhead efficiency variance related to the direct labor efficiency variance?arrow_forwardVariances Refer to Cornerstone Exercise 9.6. Required: 1. Calculate the variable overhead spending variance using the formula approach. (If you compute the actual variable overhead rate, carry your computations out to five significant digits and round the variance to the nearest dollar.) 2. Calculate the variable overhead efficiency variance using the formula approach. 3. Calculate the variable overhead spending variance and variable overhead efficiency variance using the three-pronged graphical approach. 4. What if 26,100 direct labor hours were actually worked in February? What impact would that have had on the variable overhead spending variance? On the variable overhead efficiency variance? Standish Company manufactures consumer products and provided the following information for the month of February: Required: 1. Calculate the fixed overhead spending variance using the formula approach. 2. Calculate the volume variance using the formula approach. 3. Calculate the fixed overhead spending variance and volume variance using the three-pronged graphical approach. 4. What if 129,600 units had actually been produced in February? What impact would that have had on the fixed overhead spending variance? On the volume variance?arrow_forwardGeorgia Gasket Co. budgets 8,000 direct labor hours for the year. The total overhead budget is expected to amount to 20,000. The standard cost for a unit of the companys product estimates the variable overhead as follows: The actual data for the period follow: Using the four-variance method, calculate the overhead variances. (Hint: First compute the budgeted fixed overhead rate.)arrow_forward
- Recompute the variances from the second Acme Inc. exercise using $0.0725 as the standard cost of the material and $14 as the standard labor cost per hour. How has your explanation of the variances changed?arrow_forwardUsing variance analysis and interpretation Last year, Endicott Corp. adopted a standard cost system. Labor standards were set on the basis of time studies and prevailing wage rates. Materials standards were determined from materials specifications and the prices then in effect. On June 30, the end of the current fiscal year, a partial trial balance revealed the following: Standards set at the beginning of the year have remained unchanged. All inventories are priced at standard cost. What conclusions can be drawn from each of the four variances shown in Endicotts trial balance?arrow_forwardDirect materials variances Bellingham Company produces a product that requires 2.5 standard pounds per unit. The standard price is 3.75 per pound. If 15,000 units used 36,000 pounds, which were purchased at 4.00 per pound, what is the direct materials (A) price variance, (B) quantity variance, and (C) cost variance?arrow_forward
- Calculating factory overhead: two variances Munoz Manufacturing Co. normally produces 10,000 units of product X each month. Each unit requires 2 hours of direct labor, and factory overhead is applied on a direct labor hour basis. Fixed costs and variable costs in factory overhead at the normal capacity are 2.50 and 1.50 per direct labor hour, respectively. Cost and production data for May follow: a. Calculate the flexible-budget variance. b. Calculate the production-volume variance. c. Was the total factory overhead under- or overapplied? By what amount?arrow_forwardAt the end of the period, the factory overhead account has a credit balance of 10,000. (a) Is the total factory cost variance favorable or unfavorable? (b) Are the controllable and volume variances favorable or unfavorable?arrow_forwardDirect materials and direct labor variance analysis Lenni Clothing Co. manufactures clothing in a small manufacturing facility. Manufacturing has 25 employees. Each employee presently provides 40 hours of productive labor per week. Information about a production week is as follows: Instructions Determine (A) the standard cost per unit for direct materials and direct labor; (B) the price variance, quantity variance, and total direct materials cost variance; and (C) the rate variance, time variance, and total direct labor cost variance.arrow_forward
- Marten Company has a cost-benefit policy to investigate any variance that is greater than 1,000 or 10% of budget, whichever is larger. Actual results for the previous month indicate the following: The company should investigate: a. neither the materials variance nor the labor variance. b. the materials variance only. c. the labor variance only. d. both the materials variance and the labor variance.arrow_forward(Appendix) Calculating factory overhead: four variances Atlanta Adhesives Inc. budgets 15,000 direct labor hours for the year. The total overhead budget is expected to amount to 42,000. The standard cost for a unit of the companys product estimates the variable overhead as follows: The actual data for the period follow: Using the four-variance method, calculate the overhead variances. (Hint: First compute the budgeted fixed overhead rate.)arrow_forwardKavallia Company set a standard cost for one item at 328,000; allowable deviation is 14,500. Actual costs for the past six months are as follows: Required: 1. Calculate the variance from standard for each month. Which months should be investigated? 2. What if the company uses a two-part rule for investigating variances? The allowable deviation is the lesser of 4 percent of the standard amount or 14,500. Now which months should be investigated?arrow_forward
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