Biology
Biology
5th Edition
ISBN: 9781260487947
Author: BROOKER
Publisher: MCG
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Chapter 35.5, Problem 1CS

Core Skill: Modeling The goal of this modeling challenge is to draw a reptilian phylogenetic tree that distinguishes the four recognized taxa based on critical innovations that are morphological traits.

Modeling Challenge: Turtles, lizards and snakes, crocodiles, and birds are all considered reptilians, yet we recognize them as distinct taxa. Construct a model of a phylogenetic tree using six critical innovations: three- or four-chambered heart, scales, endothermy, a hard protective shell, a kinetic skull, and feathers. Be sure to show these critical innovations on your phylogenetic tree with black bars and labels. The four taxa have the following combinations of traits: Crocodilia (four-chambered heart, scales, not endothermic, no protective shell, no kinetic skull, no feathers); Squamata (three-chambered heart, scales, not endothermic, no protective shell, kinetic skull, no feathers); Testudines (three-chambered heart, scales, not endothermic, hard protective shell, no kinetic skull, no feathers); Aves (four-chambered heart, scales, endothermic, no protective shell, no kinetic skull, feathers).

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INSTRUCTIONS: 1. On the branches of the phylogenetic tree on the back side of this worksheet, write in a unique derived trait (Autapomorphy), either anatomical or behavioral, that is used to distinguish each primate subgroup from the other taxa of primates. The points where the derived traits should be entered are labelled A1 - A6 and a written description of what is expected for each appears below and to the right of the tree. 2. On the trunk of the phylogenetic tree write in a shared derived trait (Synapomorphy) that unifies the branches (clades) of the tree which sit to the right of the trait marker (S1-S5). Again these traits can be either anatomical or behavioral and a written description of what is expected for each appears below and to the right of the tree. For both #1 and #2 you should write in at least one trait for each trait marker (A1-A6 and S1-S5) that appears on the phylogenetic tree. Make sure all entries are detailed enough to differentiate taxa and written legibly. If…
PERFORMANCE TASK: 1. Go online. Choose a group of organisms you are interested to work with (e.g. invertebrates); 2. In tabular form, list all the characters. Evaluate the characters (whether primitive or derived). 3. Remember that in building your cladogram, use only shared derived characters. 4. Construct your own cladogram.
Directions: Use the cladogram below to answer the questions on this worksheet. Sharks Ray-finned fish Amphibians Primates Rodents & rabbits Crocodiles Hair Vertebrae 7. What trait separates amphibians from primates on this cladogram? 9. Which organism is most related to the bird on this cladogram? Bony skeleton Four limbs 8. What separates rabbits and primates from crocodiles on this cladogram? Amniotic egg Birds Eggs with shell:
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