Biology
12th Edition
ISBN: 9780134813448
Author: Audesirk, Teresa, Gerald, Byers, Bruce E.
Publisher: Pearson,
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Chapter 36, Problem 7FIB
Summary Introduction
Introduction:
Osmoregulation is an important function performed by the kidney. Osmoregulation refers to the maintenance of blood osmolarity, which is the concentration of solutes and ions in the blood plasma.
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The kidneys are important regulators of blood volume
(and thus MAP) and the ionic composition and pH of
plasma. The amount of water reabsorbed or lost is
hormonally regulated. Both the amount of blood that is
filtered (glomerular filtration rate) and the amount of
water that is reabsorbed is determined by hormones
binding with receptors. In order to understand why the
level of any given hormone is elevated or low in the blood,
it is necessary to think in terms of homeostasis loops for
each hormone, and what the initial disturbance to
homeostasis was. In other words "who started it"!
What STEROID hormone is elevated by increased
activation of the RAS pathway?
Secretion of the hormone ADH may decrease or stop if the pituitary’s posterior lobe is damaged, as by a blow to the head. This is one cause of diabetes insipidus. People with this form of diabetes excrete so much dilute urine that they may become seriously dehydrated. Where are the target cells of ADH?
Which of these do you suspect will not lead to an increase in ADH secretion from the posterior pituitary gland?
Group of answer choices
Increased plasma osmolarity
Decreased angiotensin II secretion
Decreased blood pressure
Decreased blood volume
Chapter 36 Solutions
Biology
Ch. 36.1 - Prob. 1CYLCh. 36.1 - define homeostasis and describe how urinary...Ch. 36.1 - Prob. 3CYLCh. 36.2 - describe and compare the urinary systems of...Ch. 36.3 - Prob. 1CSCCh. 36.3 - list and describe the structures of the human...Ch. 36.3 - Prob. 2CYLCh. 36.3 - Prob. 3CYLCh. 36.3 - draw and label a nephron?Ch. 36.4 - describe the blood supply of the nephron and how...
Ch. 36.4 - explain the three stages of urine formation,...Ch. 36.4 - describe where in the nephron each stage occurs?Ch. 36.5 - Prob. 1TCCh. 36.5 - Prob. 2TCCh. 36.5 - Prob. 1HYEWCh. 36.5 - Prob. 1CSCCh. 36.5 - What osmoregulatory problems would occur if a...Ch. 36.5 - Prob. 1CYLCh. 36.5 - explain the role of ADH in water reabsorption?Ch. 36.5 - Prob. 3CYLCh. 36.5 - Prob. 4CYLCh. 36.5 - explain how and why the urinary systems of...Ch. 36.5 - Since the 1950s, when living kidney donation was...Ch. 36 - Prob. 1MCCh. 36 - Which of the following matches is correct? a....Ch. 36 - Long nephron loops a. are common in animals with...Ch. 36 - Which of the following is True? a. Collecting...Ch. 36 - Prob. 5MCCh. 36 - Prob. 1FIBCh. 36 - The human kidney consists of an outer layer called...Ch. 36 - Prob. 3FIBCh. 36 - Prob. 4FIBCh. 36 - Fill in the following substances: produced from...Ch. 36 - Prob. 6FIBCh. 36 - Prob. 7FIBCh. 36 - Explain the two major functions of urinary...Ch. 36 - Prob. 2RQCh. 36 - Prob. 3RQCh. 36 - Discuss the differences in function of the two...Ch. 36 - Describe the processes of filtration,...Ch. 36 - Describe the role of the kidneys as organs of...Ch. 36 - Briefly describe and compare the urinary systems...Ch. 36 - Explain and contrast osmoregulation in freshwater...Ch. 36 - Prob. 1ACCh. 36 - Prob. 2AC
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- Secretion of the hormone ADH may decrease or stop if the pituitarys posterior lobe is damaged, as by a blow to the head. This is one cause of diabetes insipidus. People with this form of diabetes excrete so much dilute urine that they may become seriously dehydrated. Where are the target cells of ADH?arrow_forwardCertain types of lung tumors secrete one or more hormones. What would happen to plasma and urine osmolality and urine volume in a patient with a lung tumor that secretes vasopressin? Why?arrow_forwardWhich of these stimulates the secretion of ADH?a. elevated blood osmolalityb. decreased blood osmolalityc. release of hormones from the hypothalamusd. ACTHe. increased blood pressurearrow_forward
- Alcohol and caffeine inhibit the effects of antidiuretic hormone.Explain why drinking beer or coffee increases the frequency ofurination. If your urine appears dilute (is light yellow) after drinkingbeer or coffee, does that indicate that you are well hydrated?arrow_forwardA man drank three glasses of water in a short period of time on a hot day.Discuss how the endocrine system regulates this man's collecting duct and urine production in order to maintain his body's water and electrolyte balance.arrow_forwardOrgan That Secretes the Hormone Stimulus for Secretion Target Tissue Hormone Thymosin and thymopoietin Parathyroid hormone Cortisol Aldosterone Epinephrine and norepinephrine Insulin nomo Glucagonarrow_forward
- Osmoregulation is a process that helps control the amount of water in the blood stream. One of the main hormones involved in this is ADH, which is released by the posterior pituitary gland a) With reference to at least this hormone, explain the negative feedback mechanism that occurs when the body is dehydrated. b) Following on from the above, explain what happens when there is too much water in the blood stream. Again you should refer to ADH as part of your answer.arrow_forwardA patient has the following symptoms: slight increase in extracellularfluid volume, large decrease in plasma sodium concentration, veryconcentrated urine, and cardiac fibrillation. An imbalance of whathormone is responsible for these symptoms? Are the symptoms causedby oversecretion or undersecretion of the hormone?arrow_forwardWhich is NOT true of steroid hormones? O They can not diffuse through the lipid bilayer of a membrane. They include hormones like testosterone and estrogen. O They bind to receptor proteins inside target cells. When they bind with receptors, specific genes are activated resulting in cell char ↑ The mineralocorticoid called aldosterone is produced by the adrenal cortex and it stimulates the reabsorption of sodium ions in the nephrons renal cortex and it increases blood pressure adrenal medulla and it increases blood glucose levels renal medulla and it stimulates the reabsorption of sodium ions in the nephrons C 31 6 Oarrow_forward
- Vasopressin or antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is a peptide hormone synthesized in the a) hypothalamus. This hormone, when present, induces expression of water transport proteins (aquaporins) in the late distal tubule and collecting duct of the kidney to increase water reabsorption. Binding to the receptor triggers an intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (CAMP) pathway. Arrange the following steps of hormone signalling in the proper order by putting 1, 2, 3, etc in the space provided, CAMP activates CAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA). Recruitment of inactive G-protein made of heterotrimeric subunits which has GDP bound to a-subunit. Conformation change in GPCR. Adenylyl cyclase converts ATP into CAMP. PKA phosphorylates proteins in the cell. A cellular response is seen in the cell. a-subunit with GTP bound activates adenylyl cyclase. Activation of G-protein, thus GDP released an GTP binds to a-subunit. a-subunit of G-protein dissociates from By-dimer. Hormone binding to its…arrow_forwardThe adrenal cortex of a patient who has lost a large volume of blood will increase secretion of aldosterone. What effect will this increased secretion have on the patient’s blood concentrations of sodium and potassium ions?arrow_forwardHyponatremia is a condition that occurs when the level of sodium ions in the blood is severely low. This condition can occur in endurance sports such as ultra running. One cause of hyponatremia is when athletes consume too much water.The hormone that is secreted by the body to increase the absorption of sodium ions and the gland that secretes it are, respectively: Select one: a. Hormone Gland Aldosterone Adrenal cortex b. Hormone Gland ADH Posterior pituitary c. Hormone Gland ADH Adrenal cortex d. Hormone Gland Aldosterone Posterior pituitaryarrow_forward
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