Foundations in Microbiology
10th Edition
ISBN: 9781259705212
Author: Kathleen Park Talaro, Barry Chess Instructor
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Chapter 8.3, Problem 14CYP
Summary Introduction
To discuss:
The location of glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Introduction:
The actual site of catabolic reactions in prokaryotes and eukaryotes varies case to case. In eukaryotes these pathway occurs in cellular organelles and in prokaryotes it mostly occur in cytoplasm.
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10) Describe the process of cellular respiration, from the introduction of a glucose molecule into the cytoplasm to the production of the final ATP made from energy contained within that glucose molecule.
6. The lens of the eye is the light refracting medium of the eye, and it has no
mitochondria. Glucose is used as an energy source in the lens. Which metabolic
pathway of glucose supplics energy to the crystalline eye lens? To answer the
question:
a) write a diagram of the metabolic pathway that provides the eye's lens with
ATP, specify enzymes and coenzymes;
b) mark the reactions associated with the ATP consumption and synthesis,
calculate the ATP yield during the process;
c) specify the mechanisms of ATP synthesis in the process;
d) name the tissues and cells in which the ATP synthesis is the same as in the
lens;
e) write the dehydrogenation reaction and the reaction of final product formation
occurring in the process;
6.3. Gluconeogenesis. Regulation of Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis
271
) indicate the fate of the end product of the process and the consequences of its
accumulation.
6. The lens of the eye si the light refracting medium of the eye, and ti has no mitochondria. Glucose is used sa an energy source ni the lens. Which metabolic pathway of glucose supplies energy to the crystalline eye lens? To answer the
question:
a) write a diagram of the metabolic pathway that provides the eye's lens with
ATP, specify enzymes and coenzymes;
b) mark the reactions associated with the ATP consumption and synthesis,
calculate the ATP yield during the process;
)c specify the mechanisms ofATP synthesis ni the process;
d)name the tissues and cells in which the ATP synthesis is the same as in hte lens;
e) writethe dehydrogenation reaction and the reactionoffinal product formation occurring in the process;
Chapter 8 Solutions
Foundations in Microbiology
Ch. 8.1 - 1. Define metabolism and differentiate its two...Ch. 8.1 - Prob. 2ELOCh. 8.1 - 3. outline the prominent characteristics of...Ch. 8.1 - 4. Explain how enzymes lower the energy required...Ch. 8.1 - 5. Discuss enzyme structure, and interactions...Ch. 8.1 - 6. Describe the types of enzyme functions and...Ch. 8.1 - 7. Summarize key features of enzyme regulation.Ch. 8.1 - 1. Differentiate between catabolism and anabolism...Ch. 8.1 - 2. Describe 10 important biochemical properties of...Ch. 8.1 - 3. Describe the chemistry of enzymes, and explain...
Ch. 8.1 - 4. Show diagrammatically the interaction of...Ch. 8.1 - 5. Differentiate among the chemical composition...Ch. 8.1 - 6. Summarize the direct and indirect controls that...Ch. 8.2 - Prob. 8ELOCh. 8.2 - 9. Describe biological oxidation-reduction and...Ch. 8.2 - Prob. 10ELOCh. 8.2 - 7. Explain how oxidation of a substrate proceeds...Ch. 8.2 - 8. Refer to the blue redox equation for...Ch. 8.2 - 9. In the following redox pairs, which compound is...Ch. 8.2 - 10. a. Describe the roles played by ATP and NAD+...Ch. 8.2 - Prob. 11CYPCh. 8.2 - 12. What is meant by the concept of the “final...Ch. 8.3 - 11. Relate the main points of bioenergetics and...Ch. 8.3 - 12. Describe the main catabolic pathways and their...Ch. 8.3 - 13. Define glycolysis and explain its input and...Ch. 8.3 - Prob. 14ELOCh. 8.3 - 15. Describe the components of the respiratory...Ch. 8.3 - 16. Explain the chemiosmotic mechanism of ATP...Ch. 8.3 - 17. Summarize the results of aerobic respiration.Ch. 8.3 - Prob. 18ELOCh. 8.3 - 13. Describe the basic energy strategies of...Ch. 8.3 - Prob. 14CYPCh. 8.3 - 15. Outline the basic steps in glycolysis,...Ch. 8.3 - Prob. 16CYPCh. 8.3 - 17. What is the fate of NADH in a fermentative...Ch. 8.3 - 18. Summarize the chemiosmotic theory of ATP...Ch. 8.3 - 19. Haw many ATPs could theoretically be formed...Ch. 8.3 - Prob. 20CYPCh. 8.3 - 21. Name the sources of oxygen in bacteria that...Ch. 8.3 - 22. What are the final electron acceptors in...Ch. 8.3 - Prob. 23CYPCh. 8.4 - 19. Explain what is meant by the term fermentation...Ch. 8.4 - 20. Describe some of the processes of fermentation...Ch. 8.4 - 24. What adaptive advantages does a fermentative...Ch. 8.4 - 25. Describe three patterns of fermentation...Ch. 8.5 - 21. Explain how cells perform anabolic functions...Ch. 8.5 - 22. Identify major pathways where molecules can be...Ch. 8.5 - 23. Briefly describe several mechanisms in...Ch. 8.5 - 26. What is meant by amphibolism, and what are its...Ch. 8.5 - Prob. 27CYPCh. 8.5 - 28. Which macromolecules are synthesized by...Ch. 8.6 - 24. Outline the general reactions of...Ch. 8.6 - 25. Describe the pigment systems and how they...Ch. 8.6 - 26. Describe the main events in the...Ch. 8.6 - 27. Describe the main events in the...Ch. 8.6 - 29. Indicate whether each of the following is...Ch. 8.6 - Prob. 30CYPCh. 8.6 - 31. What are the functions of chlorophyll and the...Ch. 8.6 - Prob. 32CYPCh. 8.6 - 33. Compare oxygenic with nonoxygenic...Ch. 8.L1 - 1. ______ is another term for biosynthesis. a....Ch. 8.L1 - Prob. 2MCQCh. 8.L1 - 3. An enzyme ___________ the activation energy...Ch. 8.L1 - 4. An enzyme a. becomes part of the final products...Ch. 8.L1 - 5. An apoenzyme is where the ___________ is...Ch. 8.L1 - 6. Many coenzymes contain a. metals b. vitamins c....Ch. 8.L1 - 7. To digest cellulose in its environment, a...Ch. 8.L1 - 8. Energy in biological systems is primarily a....Ch. 8.L1 - 9. Energy is carried from catabolic to anabolic...Ch. 8.L1 - 10. Exergonic reactions a. release potential...Ch. 8.L1 - Prob. 11MCQCh. 8.L1 - Prob. 12MCQCh. 8.L1 - Prob. 13MCQCh. 8.L1 - 14. Fermentation of a glucose molecule has the...Ch. 8.L1 - Prob. 15MCQCh. 8.L1 - Prob. 16MCQCh. 8.L1 - 17. The FADH2 formed during the Krebs cycle enters...Ch. 8.L1 - 18. The proton motive force is the result of a....Ch. 8.L1 - Prob. 19MCQCh. 8.L1 - Prob. 20MCQCh. 8.L1 - 21. The oxygen produced by photosynthesis comes...Ch. 8.L1 - Prob. 22MCQCh. 8.L1 - Prob. 1CSRCh. 8.L1 - Prob. 2CSRCh. 8.L1 - Prob. 3CSRCh. 8.L1 - Prob. 1WCCh. 8.L1 - 2. Give the general name of the enzyme a. converts...Ch. 8.L1 - 3. Explain what is unique about the actions of ATP...Ch. 8.L1 - Prob. 4WCCh. 8.L1 - 5. Describe four requirements required for...Ch. 8.L1 - Prob. 6WCCh. 8.L1 - Prob. 7WCCh. 8.L1 - Prob. 8WCCh. 8.L2 - 1. Use the following graph to diagram the...Ch. 8.L2 - 2. Explain what is meant by the “biochemical...Ch. 8.L2 - 3. Explain how it is possible for certain microbes...Ch. 8.L2 - 4. Suggest the advantages of having metabolic...Ch. 8.L2 - 5. Two steps in glycolysis are catalyzed by...Ch. 8.L2 - 6. Beer production requires an early period of...Ch. 8.L2 - 7. What would be the expected pHs of the matrix...Ch. 8.L2 - 8. At which site in the mitochondrion and...Ch. 8.L2 - Prob. 9CTCh. 8.L2 - Prob. 10CTCh. 8.L2 - 1. From chapter 7. figure 7.11 (reproduced below)....Ch. 8.L2 - 2. Look at the two figure parts (a) and (b) from...
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- 3. Distinguish the correct statements about oxidative phosphorylation. I. 1 poir Oxidative phosphorylation generates ATP by transferring phosphate group directly to ADP molecule. II. Oxidative phosphorylation occurs inside mitochondria and the source of energy is from sunlight. II. Oxidative phosphorylation occurs inside mitochondria and the source of energy is from glucose. IV. Oxidative phosphorylation is based on electrons moving through ETC and production of a proton-motive force that drives ATP synthase. A. I & II O B. I & II O C. II & IV D. III & IV pc FATDarrow_forward3. Answer the following question based on figure 5 below; e) f) left out and not gaining electrons? g) h) Why are these reactions only happening in the cytosol? With this reaction not happening in the cytosol, what is the molecule inside the mitochondria that is now What are the molecules getting oxidized and reduced? What are the products/waste from each type of fermentation? glucose -cytosol 2 ADP +2 P- 2 NAD* 23 ΑΤΡ NADH + 2 (H CH3 CH3 2 C=0 2 НО — С — Н C00- pyruvate C0 lactate Figure 5 Fermentation reactions that produce lactate glycolysis 2.arrow_forward11. Refer to the figure below. нн Н `NH2 NH2 N' N- 2e-+H* R NAD+ NADH NAD+ functions as a coenzyme in many enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The changes that take place in this coenzyme are the same for all of these reactions and are illustrated in the figure. It is likely that, in these reactions, NAD+ functions as an electron acceptor (reducing agent) in redox reactions. functions as an electron donor (oxidizing agent) in redox reactions. functions as a base in acid-base catalytic mechanisms. functions as an electron donor (oxidizing agent) in redox reactions. functions as an electron acceptor (oxidizing agent) in redox reactions. +Z-arrow_forward
- 10. Using either the Oxidative Phosphorylation stage of cellular respiration or the Cytochrome complex of photosynthesis, DIAGRAM AND EXPLAIN how electron transport chains function and are used to generate ATP in plants and animals. Make sure to supply sufficient detail to clearly convey your understanding of the process/mechanism.arrow_forward21. Which process in eukaryotic cells will proceed normally whether oxygen (O2) is present or absent? Group of answer choices the citric acid cycle glycolysis oxidative phosphorylation electron transportarrow_forward3) Compare and contrast the THREE ways that ATP can be phosphorylated in this unit: Oxidative, Substrate-Level and Photophosphorylation. Include where they take place and how the energy ultimately gets transferred to the ATP.arrow_forward
- 1. What would be the effect on ATP production during chemiosmosis and oxidative phorphorylation, if the pH within the inner membrane space of the mitochondrion were decreased, assuming no effect of pH on the structure of proteins in the membrane? 2. What would be the effect on production of ATP from photosynthesis, assuming no effect on enzyme/protein stability, if the pH of the chloroplast stroma were lowered?arrow_forward12. Which of the following statement about coenzymes is not correct? The adenosine monophosphate component of NAD+ does not participate in the redox reaction. Ubiquinones such as coenzyme Q can be reduced in two steps involving one electron each. The flavins can transfer or take up electrons in single-electron steps but they are not able to undergo two-electron reductions. The oxidation of glucose is coupled to the generation of both NADH and FADH2. The 2’ hydroxyl group of the AMP portion of NAD+/NADH can be phosphorylated to become NADP+/NADPH.arrow_forward1. Draw and label a diagram that shows the organization of the glycolysis, Kreb's Cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation within the cell.arrow_forward
- 5. Explain how proteins produced in the rough endoplasmic reticulum can be secreted into the extracellular environment without ever crossing the plasma membrane. Use the terms rough endoplasmic reticulum, ribosome, lumen, Golgi apparatus, cell membrane in your answer. 6. Describe the major inputs and outputs of glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport system. oal 6a. List all the inputs and outputs of glycolysis and explain any assumptions you make. Inputs: Outputs: 6b. List all the inputs and outputs of the citric acid cycle and explain any assumptions you make. Outputs: Inputs: 6c. List all the inputs and outputs of the electron transport system and explain any assumptions you make. Inputs: Outputs: 6d. How are the high energy electrons captured from glycolysis and the citric acid cycle converted into ATP in mitochondria?arrow_forward9 .The energy of electron transport (by the ETC) serves to move protons (hydrogen ions, or H+) to the intermembrane space of the mitochondrion. How does this help the mitochondrion produce ATP? a) This movement of protons sets up the electrochemical gradient that drives ATP synthesis in the mitochondrion. b) The protons pick up electrons from the electron transport chain on their way through the inner mitochondrial membrane c) The protons receive electrons from the NAD+ and FAD that were accepted in glycolysis ad the citric acid cycle d) The protons are transferred to oxygen in an energy-releasing reactionarrow_forward22. Which pathway will result in the production of four carbon dioxide molecules, two ATP molecules, NADH2 and FADH2? Group of answer choices oxidative phosphorylation Krebs cycle glycolysis pyruvate oxidationarrow_forward
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