Renal physiology

Monday 4th February 2016. Acid base balance and Renal function The study of the renal system was completely new for me. I have already studying the renal structure but not in depth. And I Most of the aspect of this unit were new for me although I already knew the structure of the renal system I did not know about th The main role of the kidneys is to regulate body fluids within narrow limits by maintaining homeostasis (preservation of an internal environment), interacting with the endocrine system

Part A 1. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (previously described as non–insulin dependent diabetes) is a condition due to hyperglycemia that accompanies a relative rather than an absolute insulin deficiency. It appears as a consequence of the alteration (genetically inherited or acquired) of insulin secretion, sometimes associated with peripheral insulin resistance. Impaired ability to absorb certain macronutrients such as carbohydrates, lipids and proteins can lead to a large spectrum of chronic complications

Background: Diabetic nephropathy is the major micro-vascular complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and is the main cause for end-stage kidney disease. In view of metabolic derangements of T2DM, we went further to investigate the role played by oxidized low density lipoprotein (ox-LDL), toll like receptor 4 (TLR4), lipocalin-2 (LCN2), and omentin-1 in DN. Patients and methods: 15 normo-albuminuria T2DM, 15 micro-albuminuria T2DM and 15 macro-albuminuria T2DM in addition to 15 healthy volunteer

increases until approximately 50% of kidney function is lost. Second, several drugs can impair creatinine secretion and so could potentially cause a transient and reversible increase in S.Cr (i.e. trimethoprim, cimetidine). Third, a variety of non-renal factors influence creatinine production rate so that creatinine production is variable not merely from one patient to another, but also within the same patient placed under different conditions. Particularly, age, gender, muscular mass, diet (particularly

the enzymes responsible for the conjugation of Bilirubin is late. Drug metabolites are eliminated primarily through the kidneys or bile. They depend on the Union's turn to plasma proteins, renal blood flow, glomerular filtration rate, tubular secretion. All of them are modified in the first 2 years of life. Renal plasma flow is low at birth 12ml / min, reaching adult levels of 140 ml/min per year of age. Similarly, GFR is 2 to 4 ml/min at birth, increases to 8-20 ml/min at 2-3 days of age and reaches

DN is divided into three stages, incipient nephropathy (micro-albuminuria), clinical diabetic nephropathy (macro-albuminuria) and ESRD. To diagnose those DN patients in its early stage can effectively prevent or delay the progression to ESRD [12]. Renal biopsy is a useful way to diagnose DN but is an invasive method so we are in need to simple, accurate and non-invasive test for early diagnosis and/or monitoring DN progression [13]. Several mechanisms, including hyperglycemia, advanced glycation end

3.1. Clinical and metabolic characteristics Demographic variables and clinical characteristics of the studied groups are shown in Table 1. There was no significant difference in age, body mass index between the studied groups. Meanwhile, there were statistically significant increase in disease duration; TG, TC, FBG levels and HbA1C percentage in diabetic cases when compared to their allied control group with higher values were for macro-albuminuria T2DM group. LDL-C and HDL-C levels showed statistically

2- Materials and Methods. The search was conducted in accordance with the internationally accepted principles for laboratory animal use and care as found in the European Community guidelines (EEC Directive of 1986; 86/609/EEC). The approval from the Ethical committee at Faculty of Sciences, Féz, Morocco was obtained. 2.1. Diuretic effects of the plant in rats 2.1.1. Experimental animals Adult male Wistar rats with a body weight of 200 ± 40 g were used in the experimentation. The animals were kept

Results Experiment 1; Diuretic activity of a single dose of the plant extracts and furosemide Oral administration of a single dose of Cistus ladaniferus L. or Silybum marianum L. extract increased urine output that was significantly higher than urine output in the control rats at 2 h after the dose (Cistus ladaniferus L. 7.08 ± 0.24 , Silybum marianum L. 5.05 ± 0.26mL ,versus controls 1.16 ± 0.18 mL; P < 0.001) (Figure 1). Higher urine output was continued throughout the study period, and it was

Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is a disease process marked by excessive loss of protein through the urine, proteinuria, which leads to decreased serum albumin, resulting in decreased capillary colloid oncotic pressure (COP) and then edema. Physiologically, the capillary COP drives fluid from the capillaries into the interstitial fluid, only in amounts that can be drained by the lymphatic system. In nephrotic syndrome, the plasma COP is so severely decreased, unmatched with interstitial COP, that fluid flows