RNA

the DNA sequence is copied to a complementary RNA sequence. The type of RNA that is involved in this process is the messenger RNA (mRNA). During a transcription process, when a sequence of DNA is expressed, one of the two DNA strands is copied into the mRNA based on the base-pairing rules. For example, in base-pairing in DNA, Adenine (A) is paired with Thymine (T), and Cytosine (C) is paired with Guanine (G. But when it comes to base-pairing rules in RNA, Adenine (A) is paired with Uracil (U) instead

clearer picture of the underlying molecular mechanisms. Lim and Brunet (2013) revealed that environmental stimuli can influence the chromatin structure by noncoding RNAs- including siRNA (small interfering RNA, worm), piRNA ((Piwi-interacting RNA, worm and fly), viRNA (small interfering RNAs derived from virus, worm), miRNA (micro RNA, mice)- DNA methylation (mice, rat) and histone modification (with the help of Histone methyltransferase poteins)- H3K4me2/3 (worm), H3K36me3 (worm), H3K36me3 (worm

Ribonuclease P is a type of ribonuclease which cleaves RNA. Its function is to cleave off an extra, or precursor, sequence of RNA on tRNA molecules (Stark et al., 1978). It is an essential ubiquitous enzyme, present in all cells and cellular compartments that synthesize tRNA (Gopalan et al., 2002). RNase P is a ribonucleoprotein complex and is responsible for the 5’ maturation of tRNAs (Frank and Pace, 1998). RNase P has been proposed as a novel RNA-based gene interference strategy for down regulating

Daisy the Cow Who is Daisy? Daisy is a scientific agricultural experiment. She is the result of genetic manipulation and cloning to get her to produce milk that doesn’t have the BLG protein. Daisy is the start of an agricultural scale plan to produce BLG free milk. All around the world infants are drinking cow’s milk from early years many infants and even children and some adults have allergies to a certain protein in the cow’s milk that breast milk doesn’t contain. This protein is called BLG

in the most efficient manner possible. In the 1990’s, scientists thought that they had a comprehensive understanding of a multitude of regulatory mechanisms, until biologist Andrew Fire published his research outlining a previously unknown process: RNA interference. Andrew Fire was born in the San Francisco Bay Area on April 27, 1959. After spending his formative years in the surrounding area, he studied at the University of California, Berkeley where he spent his undergraduate career studying mathematics

that functions through the use of two types of molecules, enzymes and guide RNA. CRISPR was discovered by two major research teams and has since been found to have numerous applications, but it is plagued by controversy. The CRISPR system uses two types of molecules, one of which is enzymes. One of the enzymes that can make up CRISPR is called Cas9. Cas9 cuts DNA at a specified location in the genome, determined by the guide RNA. This allows changes to be made in the genome by allowing DNA to be added

synthesis process. It all starts with RNA polymerase transcribing DNA into a single strand of RNA. RNA Polymerase reads the DNA from 3’ to 5’ end and then lays down RNA nucleotides from 5’ to 3’ end. From there, splicesosomes cut out the introns (noncoding segments in mRNA) and splice together the exons (coding segments in mRNA). After that, the G cap and Poly A Tail are put on to protect the mRNA from getting altered by the enzymes outside of the nucleus. Once RNA processing is finished, the mRNA travels

In order to stop the cow from producing BGL, the process of gene knockdown via RNA interference or iRNA was used. Gene knockdown is a method of silencing a gene so that it can no longer function or to minimise the expression of the gene. In this case the purpose of silencing the specific gene was to stop the production of BGL. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) acts as a messenger carrying instructions from DNA for controlling the synthesis of proteins. Gene knockdown is the technique that involves disrupting

together with RNA polymerase II, forming the transcription initiation complex. Subsequently, elongation occurs, the polymerase will move downstream, unwinding the DNA and elongating the RNA transcript in the 5' to 3' direction. As RNA synthesis proceeds downstream, the newly transcribed RNA molecule will detach itself from the DNA template, and the double helix reforms. It is possible for a single gene to be transcribed by multiple molecules of RNA polymerases. This increases the amount of RNA transcribed

The telomerase carry its own RNAs molecule as a template to restoring the telomere back to its proper length after the cell division. Since the telomere is consist of dark matter that helps protect the cell from losing any important DNA. The DNA that which is located in the cell nucleus