1.1 Diabetes mellitus and Insulin resistance
Diabetes mellitus, or simply diabetes, is a metabolic disorder that is marked by hyperglycemia, high blood glucose. In 2014, 29.1 million individuals in the United States, which is about 9.3% of the population, have diabetes . Among all cases of diabetes, about 90% to 95% are Type 2 Diabetes (T2D), the diabetes form generally results from defects in insulin action . Furthermore, other related complications of diabetes will afflict patients with their cardinal, ocular, renal, and nervous system dysfunction, mainly resulting from hyperglycemia .
1.1.1 History of Diabetes
Unfortunately, though recognition of diabetes has gradually been increasing over 200 years and some progresses have been
…show more content…
During the early stage in the history of diabetes research, diabetes was considered as a disease due to deficiency of insulin produced by islet cells of Langerhans, which, we know nowadays, is shown in most Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) patients and some Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) patients. Distinction between T1D and T2D has first been made in 1936, based on their different pathogenesis .
Type 1 Diabetes usually onsets at very early age of patients, thus it is also named as “juvenile diabetes”, informally. The cause of T1D is hypothesized to be the destruction effect of autoimmune selectively to insulin producing cells, which will lead to further metabolic changes linked to hyperglycemia. Genetic disorder and environment factors may explain most case in T1D .
Even though the primary cause of T2D is unclear, continuous research on the metabolic syndrome over several decades has improved awareness of the complex pathogenesis from which the development and the outcome of T2D results. Originally, T2D is thought to develop most often in middle-aged and older population, but in recent years, the upward trend in occurrence of T2D has been shown in young population. Also, the relation between occurrence of T2D and overweight has been affirmed . However, the complexity of T2D attributes most to multi-stage involved in the course of disease development, as well as the interaction between various organs and tissues. Despite the
Type 1 diabetes is well known disease, some of us or someone we know are the victim of this chronic illness. There are controversial explanation such as, genetic susceptibility and in contrary, environmental factors that are viral infection, prenatal and neonatal influence, nitrate in drinking water, (Norris et al, 2003) early exposure to cow’s milk towards why the immune system destroy the insulin producing beta cell. In this essay, I will be discussing about the pathophysiology of type 1 diabetes and how it affect the homeostasis of our normal functioning body. In subject to Carol, I will be explaining the signs and symptoms of the illness and also the possible effects to her developing foetus and herself.
Type 1 is characterized by the body’s inability to produce insulin. It is caused by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic beta cells, which are responsible for producing insulin. There appears to be a hereditary link in people with Type 1 diabetes. Other factors have been known to cause Type 1 diabetes such as viral infections, toxins, and other environmental factors. Type 1 diabetes is the rare form, affecting about 10% of the diabetes population. Its onset usually occurs in people less than the age of 20.
29 million people in the United States (9.3 percent) have diabetes, and of those 29 million approximately 7.25 million are unaware that they are diabetic (www.cdc.gov). Diabetes describes a group of metabolic diseases in which the person has high blood glucose because insulin production is inadequate, or because the body 's cells do not respond properly to insulin, or both. Diabetes can be divided into two groups: Type 1 diabetes and Type 2 diabetes. Type 1 diabetes is also referred to as juvenile diabetes and is usually found in children and young adults. Only 5% of people with diabetes have this form of the disease. Type 1 diabetes restricts the body from producing insulin, a hormone that is needed to convert sugar, starches and other food into energy needed for daily life. Type 1 diabetes can be managed by using insulin therapy and other treatments to help those infected maintain insulin to convert sugars, starches and foods into energy(www.diabetes.org). Type 2 diabetes is the most common, people with Type 2 diabetes have insulin resistance meaning the body does not use insulin properly. At first, the pancreas makes a surplus insulin to compensate for the lack on insulin in your body. However, over time your pancreas is not able to keep up and can not make enough insulin to keep your blood glucose at normal levels(www.diabetes.org). Complications of diabetes in the long term include potential heart disease, stroke, and kidney damage.
Diabetes mellitus is a group of diseases characterized by high blood glucose.and the disease accounts for 3.1% of total deaths in the U.S.
Diabetes Mellitus is not a new disease. It was first recognized in ancient Egypt around 1500 B.C.E. It was considered a rare condition in comparison to present times. In 1812, diabetes was acknowledged as a clinical disorder. However, its prevalence at the time was not well documented. During those time periods, diabetes was considered fatal (Polonsky, 2014). The most significant progress came with the discovery of insulin. In 1921, Frederick G. Banting, MD and then student assistant, Charles H. Best, made the discovery of insulin. This discovery led Dr. Banting to being
There is no cure for diabetes. It is a chronic disease and managing or controlling it requires a lifelong process. Even though diabetes has no cure, prompt and appropriate interventions like early detection, life style changes, and medications can control the disease and reduce life-threatening complications. To achieve normal or near-normal blood glucose levels and prevent the adverse complications of diabetes, patients must be involved in a program of education, diet, exercise, and medications.
This disease does not favor one gender over the other, it effects males and females equally. Currently, the origin of diabetes is a conundrum. Although, it is understood that the immune system attacks the beta cells but it is not clear how or why it occurs. It is hypothesized that T1D maybe hereditary and environmental factors contribute to the onset (5). Symptoms prevail in individuals whom have the majority of their beta cells destroyed via a cellular mediated autoimmune response (1).
Type 1 diabetes, also referred to as Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM) or Juvenile Diabetes, can be caused by a genetic disorder. It can occur at any age, but it is most often diagnosed in children, adolescents, or young adults around 20 years old or before a person is 30 years of age. Insulin is a hormone produced by special cells, called the beta cells, in the pancreas, an organ located in the area behind the stomach. Insulin is needed to move blood sugar (glucose) into cells, where it is stored and later used for energy. In type 1 diabetes, these cells produce little or no insulin. Without enough insulin, glucose builds up in the bloodstream instead of going into the cells. The body is unable to
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus is a disease that occurs when insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas are damaged or are being destroyed (Mahan, Escott-Stump & Raymond, 2012). The gradual destruction of the beta cells of the pancreas usually leads to complete insulin deficiency, which ultimately manifests itself in the following symptoms at clinical onset: “high blood glucose (hyperglycemia), frequent urination (polyuria), excessive thirst (polydipsia), and a significant amount of weight loss, dehydration, electrolyte disturbances and ketoacidosis”, requiring dependency of exogenous insulin in order to promote optimal glycemic control in order to prevent further more severe complications; such as, ketoacidosis, microvascular diseases, macrovascular diseases, neuropathy, or worse – Death (Mahan et al., 2012). Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus can result from two existing forms: 1. Immune-mediated diabetes Mellitus, which is characterized by autoimmune destruction of the beta cells of the pancreas and an idiopathic (unknown cause) commonly seen in ethnic groups of African or Asian descent (Mahan et al., 2012). Of all diagnosed diabetes cases, prevalence of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus cases account for 5%-10%, and although onset may present itself at any age, 70% of cases are diagnosed in young adults (younger than age 30), with a peak in occurring incidences seen mostly in children and adolescents (Mahan et al., 2012). “In the United States, approximately 1 in every 400
Insulin resistance is a fundamental aspect of Type 2 diabetes. Insulin lowers blood glucose by suppressing liver glucose production and increases glucose uptake into muscle and fat cells. The majority of glucose gets largely stored in the muscle and adipose tissue contributes little to glucose disposal. Insulin is a critical regulator of adipocytes as it promotes adipocyte triglyceride storage by helping preadipocytes get differentiated to adipocytes. Adipocytes are over 1 billion cells that specialize storing energy as fat and together they constitute the largest endocrine system that communicates to other tissues by adipocyte-released secretagogues including proteohormones lectin, adiponectin, and visfatin. (Redinger, R., 2007) Along
Insulinitis is another name for type 1 diabetes, juvenile diabetes, or insulin dependent diabetes. Heredity plays an important part in determining who is likely to develop type 1 diabetes. Genes are passed down from biological parent to child [1]. Certain gene variants that carry instructions for making proteins called human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) on white blood cells are linked to the risk of developing type 1 diabetes [1]. You inherit a predisposition to the disease then something in your environment triggers it [3]. With type 1 diabetes first degree relatives are at greater risk than unrelated individuals [8]. Treatment for type 1 diabetes is either pancreas transplant or lifelong treatment with insulin injections.
The type 1 diabetes mellitus or DM1 corresponds to the formerly called insulin-dependent diabetes (IDDM), juvenile - onset diabetes or infantojuvenil diabetes . No insulin production is observed, due to the destruction of the β cells of the Islets of Langerhans of the pancreas . The destruction usually occurs in relatively short periods, especially in the youngest ones, predisposing to a serious decompensation of the metabolism called ketoacidosis. It is more common in young people (under 25 years old) and affects about 4.9 million people worldwide, with a high prevalence reported in North America . It represents between 5 to 10% of DM. 4
Diabetes is a disease associated with the inability to store and metabolise glucose effectively. In the UK alone there are just under 3 million people diagnosed with diabetes and approximately 850,000 who are not aware that they have it. (Nhs.uk, 2014)
T2DM includes a heterogeneous group of diseases that associate in different degrees two major metabolic defects: beta cell insulin secretion defect and insulin resistance of the peripheral tissues. Obesity and insulin resistance are characteristic for the majority (80-90%) of T2DM cases (Obese T2DM). The sine qua non condition for the progression from the preclinical phases (prediabetes) to the overt hyperglycemia stages is represented by the presence of the insulin secretion beta cell defect. A lack of compensation for insulin resistance will lead to evolution towards T2DM. The first sign of
In 1522 B.C. the earliest known record of diabetes symptoms was when Hesy-Ra, an ancient Egyptian physician recognized that frequent urination was considered a symptom of a mysterious disease. For many centuries, individuals known as water tasters diagnosed diabetes by tasting the urine of people imagined to have diabetes. In 1675, the word mellitus meaning honey, was conjoined to the name diabetes, which means siphon. It wasn't until the 1800’s that scientists developed chemical tests to detect the existence of sugar in urine. As time progressed on, in 1959 the two major types of diabetes were recognized as type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes and type 2 (non-insulin-dependent)