Essay on Nursing Care Plan Pathophysiology

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a worldwide problem that is currently three times higher for African Americans, Hispanics, Pacific Islanders, American Indians and seniors (The National Kidney Foundation, 2013). CKD occurs when the kidneys are damaged by a pathogen or injury and they can no longer adequately maintain proper levels of regulated chemicals in the bloodstream. There are many risk associated with CKD. According to the National Kidney Foundation, two of the major risks are Chronic Renal Failure (CRF) and Cardiovascular Disease. Currently twenty million American adults have CKD and millions of others are at increased risk. Age has no barrier on getting CKD. People with pre-existing health issues, and a part of certain population

Since the early 1900’s nurses have been trying to improve and individualise patient care. In the 1970s this became more structured when the nursing process was introduced by the general nursing council (GNC), (Lloyd, Hancock & Campbell, 2007) .By doing this their intentions were to try and understand the patient in order to give them the best care possible (Cronin & Anderson, 2003). Through the nursing process philosophy care plans were written for patients. It was understood that this relationship would ensure the patient received the best care possible to suit them individually. This would consist of not just the patient as a physical being but their spiritual emotional and holistic being also (Cutler, 2010). The

The serum creatine levels, the BUN, the urinary potassium, the serum pH and sodium clacium are high.

The aim of this assignment is to critically discuss the nurse’s role in planning care. The case of care is a 60-year-old lady named Mary. The names in this assignment have been changed in order to remain confidentiality in line with the Nursing and midwifery Council (2015). Mary has a son and lives with her husband of 30 years. Mary was diagnosed with type one diabetes mellitus when she was 18 years old. Mary also has a leg ulcer which is effecting many aspects of her life. Although Mary has other health problems I will be mainly focusing on the leg ulcer.

Lily was a 65 year old lady with stage 5 CKD, she had recently begun hemodialysis treatment three times a week as an inpatient and had been responding well to treatment. During dialysis treatment on the morning of the first day, Lily’s observations showed that she was: tachycardic, hypotensive, tachypnoeaic, had an oxygen saturation level of 88% and was becoming confused and drowsy. It became apparent that Lily had become hypovolaemic. The hypovolaemic shock seen in this patient was of a particular critical nature due to the fact that her dialysis treatment had moved her rapidly through the first two stages of shock with her compensatory mechanisms failing very quickly (Tait, 2012). It was also much harder to identify the early signs of

Kidney failure is the result of kidney disease that has either not been treated, or failed to respond to treatment. Some kidney diseases are: Acute kidney failure (potentially reversible), Acute nephritic syndrome, Goodpasture syndrome, Atheroembolic renal disease, Glomerulonephritis, Polycystic kidney disease, and chronic kidney failure (end stage) (United States National Library, 2010). The usual treatment for kidney failure is medication and dialysis. Dialysis is used for end stage kidney failure, when the patient has lost

Kidney failure has spread immensely throughout the United States for the past decade. There are many causes for kidney failure, but the top two in the U.S. are Diabetes and Hypertension. Before this research project, I was not aware of how common Chronic Kidney Disease is amongst us, especially since it ranges from birth to old age. One in 10 adults within the age of 20 or older has been diagnosed with kidney disease in the U.S., (Davita.com). This disease causes a complete lifestyle change and with the right educational tools, diet, compliance, and support from family and friends, the patient should be able to keep living without any complications.

Chronic kidney disease is associated with the aging population, whereby the kidneys are impaired in terms of functionality (Giordano et al., 2016). The basic role of the kidney is to maintain a balance of fluids in the body and remove waste products from blood. The symptoms of CKD appear in stages and in it severity state causes insomnia, body weakness, dry and itchy skin, loss of appetite, fluid retention leading to swelling of feet among others.

Ineffective breathing pattern related to decreased oxygen saturation, poor tissue perfusion, obesity, decreased air entry to bases of both lungs, gout and arthritic pain, decreased cardiac output, disease process of COPD, and stress as evidenced by shortness of breath, BMI > 30 abnormal breathing patterns (rapid, shallow breathing), abnormal skin colour (slightly purplish), excessive diaphoresis, nasal flaring and use of accessory muscles, statement of joint pain, oxygen saturations of 85-95% 2L NP, immobility 95% of the day, and adventitious sounds throughout lungs (crackles) secondary to CHF, hypertension, pain caused by gout and arthritis, and obesity

In patients with heart failure, hypovolemia, cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome, or hypoalbuminemia, renal function may be further compromised. BUN, creatinine clearance, and urine output should be monitored closely (Lexi-Comp, 2016).

Perform a urinalysis when possible to find levels of Specific Gravity (how concentrated the urine is), pH, Protein, Blood, Nitrites, Leukocytes, Ketones, Glucose and Bilirubin. The results of this test can help identify any possible impairment in renal function and identify the presence of an infection (Vera, 2011).

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an irreversible condition that progresses causing kidney dysfunction and then to kidney failure. It is classified by a GFR of <60mL/min for longer than 3 months. There are five stages of CKD: Stage 1 has kidney damage but has a GFR ≥ 90. Stage 2 has mild damage and a GFR of 60-89. Stage 3 has moderate damage and a GFR of 30-59. Stage 4 has severe damage and a GFR of 15-29. Stage 5 is also known as end stage renal disease (ESRD), this is kidney failure with a GFR of ≤ 15 and theses patients are typically on dialysis or in need of an immediate transplant. The leading cause of CKD is diabetes. Hypertension is also a major cause. Since most DM patients have HTN,

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is among the leading causes of mortality throughout the world, and its prevalence and the health care costs resulting from it are considerable and increasing. CKD commonly is silent and asymptomatic until its late stages. Accordingly, CKD is diagnosed prior to symptomatic stage of kidney failure, resulting in delays in proper interventions and the emergence of adverse consequences in the CKD patients

4.   Why were these changes seen?>> When the valves are closed simulating blocked collecting ducts, the built up pressure caused by the increased solute volume opposes the forces driving up the filtration tasks of the kidney. The nephrons could burst if the filtering task is continued so the kidney is just trying to save ‘itself.

Kidney failure is a public health problem, which has dramatic effects on patients' health. In some