Kidney failure is a public health problem, which has dramatic effects on patients' health. In some causes it is associated with increased mortality. It is estimated that 4,270 patients die from kidney failure.1 Thus, it is considered a serious threat to millions of patients with kidney failure. This research paper, is to provide a general overview of the causes of kidney failure, shedding light on it stages, symptoms and risk factors. It also examines the process of kidney transplantation to treat kidney failure. Finally, it presents the potential side effects of kidney transplantation surgery.
Ultimately, talking about kidney failure may coordinate future examination to reduce the incidence of kidney failure.
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Kidney failure might occur when patients are infected with a severe infection or lack of water in the body, because of low blood pressure.4
Moreover, exposure to lead and taking a lot of medication without consulting a doctor may lead to lose kidney function.5 Also overweight patients have possibility to infected with kidney stones which lead to kidney failure.6 Before kidney failure occurs, it department to five stages.7 In the first stage there is no change in kidney function.7In the second stage, kidney functions are slightly decrease.7 Even though the third stage is moderate, glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in the kidney has been reduced.7Yet, kidney still works effectively.7 In the fourth stage, kidney indicate to a significant decrease in glomerular filtration rate (GFR).7 Moreover, most kidney cells are damage and others are completely necrotic.7 At this stage patients can control the disease by protecting the remaining cells from further damage.7
In the last stage, kidney completely loses its functions and (GFR) is less than 15%, which make patients need to have dialysis or transplantation.7,8 As soon as (GRF) becomes less than 15 %, the symptoms of kidney failure clearly
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The first side effect of kidney transplantation is infections. Infections are divided into: bacterial, viral, and fungal.21 In general, infections may happen in the first six months because patients have a weak immunity system.21 Due to bacterial infection, ''Pneumocystis and opportunistic infection'' and bacterial urinary tract infection, which is the most common side effect, may occur.21 Other patients may suffer from viral infection.21 They could get the virus from the transplant of the donors' kidney to the patients.21 For example, BK viral occurs ''in the urine and can cause inflammation and stricture in the ureter''.21 Furthermore, fungal infection is another side effect of kidney transplantation.21 It may cause urinary infection, esophagitis, or invasive fungal infection.21Yet, these infections are rare.21 To avoid these infections, patients should eat healthy food and do exercises. The second side effect of kidney transplantation is cardiovascular disease (CVD). CVD is common in patients who have had kidney transplantation.22 There are several causes that lead to CVD in patients with transplanted kidney. One cause is diabetes. After the surgery, some
Causes of kidney disease are wide-ranging in number; however diabetes, high blood pressure, inherited disease, and infection remain to be the contenders of cause (Davidson, 2011). Acute kidney disease can be identified by anuria and oedema. CKD is often called a “silent” killer, because instead of a sign, that would render immediate evidence, CKD only provides symptoms that many don’t know to correlate to renal issues. The symptoms may also increase at the latter stages of the
All the symptoms that were described were based on the kidney functions, so more and further
Directions: Please carefully read the following case study and answer the following questions in typed format. The resources that you will need to complete this case study include your textbook and drug book. Please include in text citations. This independent assignment is worth 25 points.
Acute renal failure condition is diagnosed and retitled as acute kidney injury. The purpose of the change of terminology was to encompass the full spectrum of the clinical manifestations associated with the syndrome. This includes a range from a small decline in kidney function to a severe impairment. Furthermore, the acute condition is characterized by a rapid loss of kidney function. In addition, associated manifestation(s) may be displayed as a rise in serum creatinine or a reduction in urine output. As a result of increase of serum creatinine or decline in urine output may developed and aggress to the clinical manifestation azotemia.
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a common disorder and occurs in the elderly population. In younger patients, it
Lily was a 65 year old lady with stage 5 CKD, she had recently begun hemodialysis treatment three times a week as an inpatient and had been responding well to treatment. During dialysis treatment on the morning of the first day, Lily’s observations showed that she was: tachycardic, hypotensive, tachypnoeaic, had an oxygen saturation level of 88% and was becoming confused and drowsy. It became apparent that Lily had become hypovolaemic. The hypovolaemic shock seen in this patient was of a particular critical nature due to the fact that her dialysis treatment had moved her rapidly through the first two stages of shock with her compensatory mechanisms failing very quickly (Tait, 2012). It was also much harder to identify the early signs of
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a disease that is described as a loss of kidney function gradually over time. As kidney function decreases, the waste collection in the body’s blood becomes high and makes the individual feel sick. This disease can lead to other complications in the body such as anemia, poor nutritional health, high blood pressure, and nerve damage. These complications will begin to progress and show as CKD progresses to advanced stages. Early detection of this disease is essential when it comes to treatment. If CKD is diagnosed early enough the disease progression can be slowed down and managed. This disease will eventually lead to failure of the kidneys
Imagine that one of your loved ones are in the hospital… they’re very sick and you don’t know what is wrong. The doctor comes in and tells you that your loved one is having kidney failure
Kidney disease has become more prevalent over the years, one in nine Americans has chronic kidney disease, resulting in the need for a kidney transplant. Kidney failure is caused by variety of factors resulting in damage of the nephrons, which are the most important functioning unit of the kidneys. Kidney failure can be broken down into three groups: acute, chronic, end-stage. Once kidney failure is irreversible, dialysis or transplantation is the only method of survival. To avoid a kidney transplant, one needs to be aware of the pre-disposing factors, signs and symptoms, available treatments, and proper diet.
The pathophysiology of acute renal failure is still uncertain though it is thought to be
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an irreversible condition that progresses causing kidney dysfunction and then to kidney failure. It is classified by a GFR of <60mL/min for longer than 3 months. There are five stages of CKD: Stage 1 has kidney damage but has a GFR ≥ 90. Stage 2 has mild damage and a GFR of 60-89. Stage 3 has moderate damage and a GFR of 30-59. Stage 4 has severe damage and a GFR of 15-29. Stage 5 is also known as end stage renal disease (ESRD), this is kidney failure with a GFR of ≤ 15 and theses patients are typically on dialysis or in need of an immediate transplant. The leading cause of CKD is diabetes. Hypertension is also a major cause. Since most DM patients have HTN,
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is among the leading causes of mortality throughout the world, and its prevalence and the health care costs resulting from it are considerable and increasing. CKD commonly is silent and asymptomatic until its late stages. Accordingly, CKD is diagnosed prior to symptomatic stage of kidney failure, resulting in delays in proper interventions and the emergence of adverse consequences in the CKD patients
Mr. Armstrong has a history of renal insufficiency and uncontrolled hypertension, along with symptoms of fatigue, pedal edema, and occasional shortness of breath. He does not have a history of trauma or obstruction to his kidneys, but his creatinine and BUN levels are currently at 3.5 mg/dl and 40 mg/dl. Normal creatinine concentration values are 0.7 to 1.2 mg/dl and normal BUN values are 10 to 20 mg/dl; this reveals that Mr. Armstrong’s kidneys are not removing wastes properly (McCance, Huether, Brashers, & Rote, 2014). Mr. Armstrong’s history of renal insufficiency and uncontrolled hypertension is commonly found in patients diagnosed with intrarenal (intrinsic) acute renal failure. Intrarenal acute renal failure can be categorized as
However, when the kidneys stop working completely, this situation is known as end-stage renal failure (ESRF). There are some diseases may cause chronic renal failure and this essay will focus on two types of these common diseases.
There are different types of renal failure such as chronic kidney disease which is a slow progression over time and it can go unnoticed for a long time. Acute renal failure occurs suddenly, happening within a few hours or a few days, if not caught in time