A Brief Note On Acute Renal Failure Condition Essay

Injury to the glomerulus and the tubules presents the onset of Intra-renal failure (Matzke, 2011). Some of the frequent causes for Intra-renal failure are glomerulonephritis; pyelonephritis; and tubular injury. Post-renal failure develops from things like ureteroliths, tumors, or anatomic impediments. Opposite of the acute form, the chronic form has a slow onset that has no early stage symptoms. It is important to know that following an acute episode a chronic renal episode often follows, and at this juncture the damage is irreversible. Glomerulonephritis and pyelonephritis combined, has been reported to be the forerunner in as much as half the cases from acute to chronic renal failure. Diabetes mellitus, renal vascular disease, such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, polycystic kidney disease, drug damage, and nephrolith are all examples of other causes of CKD (Pradeep, 2014). Biopsies of kidneys that suffered with CKD reveal smaller kidneys with scarring on the tubules.

Intrarenal acute renal failure- accounts for 30% to 40% of the cases of ARF- generally results from acute tubular necrosis due to disturbances within the glomerulus or renal tubules. ATN most often occurs after surgery but is also associated with sepsis, severe trauma, including severe burns,

This is sudden injury to the kidneys which stops them working instantly or nearly instantly, AKI can range from the kidneys only to stop functioning slightly or to completely stop working. Due to the name of it some people think that it is physical injury or blow to the kidneys however it is a result in complications of other conditions. It is usually seen in older people who are very unwell and get admitted to hospital, it’s vital that AKI is detected quickly as if AKI

Mrs. P is a 63-year-old female who was not feeling well for a couple of weeks. She went to her Primary Care Physician (PCP) complaining of increased dyspnea on exertion, weakness, nausea, headaches, loss of appetite and periods of confusion. Since she has an extensive medical history that included pulmonary hypertension and emphysema, blood work was obtained. She was told that she had leukocytosis, hyponatremia (Sodium 126 mEq/L ), hypokalemia (Potassium 2.5 mEq/L) and an acute kidney injury (AKI). She was told to go to the emergency room and was admitted to the telemetry unit.

Lily was a 65 year old lady with stage 5 CKD, she had recently begun hemodialysis treatment three times a week as an inpatient and had been responding well to treatment. During dialysis treatment on the morning of the first day, Lily’s observations showed that she was: tachycardic, hypotensive, tachypnoeaic, had an oxygen saturation level of 88% and was becoming confused and drowsy. It became apparent that Lily had become hypovolaemic. The hypovolaemic shock seen in this patient was of a particular critical nature due to the fact that her dialysis treatment had moved her rapidly through the first two stages of shock with her compensatory mechanisms failing very quickly (Tait, 2012). It was also much harder to identify the early signs of

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a disease that is described as a loss of kidney function gradually over time. As kidney function decreases, the waste collection in the body’s blood becomes high and makes the individual feel sick. This disease can lead to other complications in the body such as anemia, poor nutritional health, high blood pressure, and nerve damage. These complications will begin to progress and show as CKD progresses to advanced stages. Early detection of this disease is essential when it comes to treatment. If CKD is diagnosed early enough the disease progression can be slowed down and managed. This disease will eventually lead to failure of the kidneys

Intrarenal failure, sometimes called intristic failure, is different than pre-renal or post- renal in the sense that intrarenal is an actual damage to the nephrons, kidney tissue necrosis or renal injury due to nephrotoxic medications like (aminoglycosides, NSAIDS, chemotherapy medications like methotrexate, some metals like mercury, lithium, drug abuse such as, heroin, cocaine, and also the use of radiological contrast agents). Intrarenal failure can be irreversible but it can take several months of treatment.

Kidney failure is the result of kidney disease that has either not been treated, or failed to respond to treatment. Some kidney diseases are: Acute kidney failure (potentially reversible), Acute nephritic syndrome, Goodpasture syndrome, Atheroembolic renal disease, Glomerulonephritis, Polycystic kidney disease, and chronic kidney failure (end stage) (United States National Library, 2010). The usual treatment for kidney failure is medication and dialysis. Dialysis is used for end stage kidney failure, when the patient has lost

The pathophysiology of acute renal failure is still uncertain though it is thought to be

The failure to restore blood volume and oxygen delivery could result in acute tubular necrosis or acute cortical necrosis. Intra-renal is often caused by acute tubular necrosis. Acute tubular necrosis can be caused by ischemia and most often happens after surgery, however it can also be related to sepsis, obstetric complications or severe burns. Hypotension that is linked to hypovolemia results in ischemia which generates toxic oxygen free radicals that produce cell swelling, injury and necrosis. Amino glycosides and various other antibiotics can accumulate in the renal cortex and it is possible that they may not cause renal failure until the treatment is completed. Moreover, radio contrast media can be a nephrotoxic. In addition, dehydration, advanced age, concurrent renal insufficiency and diabetes mellitus are likely to enhance nephrotoxicity from the antibiotics or radio contrast media. Also, renal failure can be promoted by; excessive myoglobin, carbon tetra-anasthetic, heavy metals, methoxyflurane anesthetic and

In patients with heart failure, hypovolemia, cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome, or hypoalbuminemia, renal function may be further compromised. BUN, creatinine clearance, and urine output should be monitored closely (Lexi-Comp, 2016).

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is among the leading causes of mortality throughout the world, and its prevalence and the health care costs resulting from it are considerable and increasing. CKD commonly is silent and asymptomatic until its late stages. Accordingly, CKD is diagnosed prior to symptomatic stage of kidney failure, resulting in delays in proper interventions and the emergence of adverse consequences in the CKD patients

Nephrotoxins, acute interstitial nephritis, glomerular damage, and vascular damage also correlate with intrarenal acute renal failure (Singh, Levy, & Pusey, 2013). Postrenal acute renal failure is usually a result of a urinary tract obstruction that affects the kidneys bilaterally, which causes the intraluminal pressure upstream from the site of the obstruction to increase with a progressive decrease in the glomerular filtration rate (McCance, Huether, Brashers, & Rote, 2014). A pattern consisting of several hours of anuria with flank pain followed by polyuria is typically found in individuals with postrenal acute renal failure (McCance, Huether, Brashers, & Rote, 2014).

High blood pressure which is called hypertension is another common disease which can cause chronic renal failure. This

causes it is associated with increased mortality. It is estimated that 4,270 patients die from kidney