Introduction There is a pair of kidneys in the human body. They are situated towards the back of the body under the ribs, just at the level of the waist where one on either side of the body. Each kidney is composed of about one million units which are called nephrons and each nephron consists of two parts: a filter which is called the glomerulus and a tubule leading out from the nephron (Cameron 1999). According to Marshall and Bangert (2008) the kidneys have three major functions. Firstly, the kidneys are excretion of waste from plasma in the blood. The second function is that, they maintain of extracellular fluid volume and composition. Lastly, the kidneys have a role in hormone synthesis.
Renal Failure The renal
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However, when the kidneys stop working completely, this situation is known as end-stage renal failure (ESRF). There are some diseases may cause chronic renal failure and this essay will focus on two types of these common diseases.
Diabetes Mellitus One of the diseases is diabetes mellitus which is a major cause of renal failure. This disease can be defined as an increase of fasting blood glucose that is affected by a deficiency in insulin hormone. The normal range for glucose (fasting) in the blood is 2.8-6.0 mmol/L. It is classified into two groups, type 1 (insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus) and type 2 (non insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus). Stein (2008, p.6) points out that kidney failure happens most often when patients have suffered from diabetes mellitus for more than 10 years. According to United States Renal Data System (USRDS) report in 2007, approximately 44% of primary causes of renal failure is diabetes mellitus in the United States in 2005. Also, Stein (2008) indicates that 15% of dialysis patients are influenced by diabetes mellitus in the United Kingdom. Diabetes mellitus has negative affects throughout the kidneys where the increase of the range of blood sugar causes the damages to the cells in the kidneys. This leads to the presence of the glucose in the urine which is known as glycosuric.
Hypertension
High blood pressure which is called hypertension is another common disease which can cause chronic renal failure. This
Causes of kidney disease are wide-ranging in number; however diabetes, high blood pressure, inherited disease, and infection remain to be the contenders of cause (Davidson, 2011). Acute kidney disease can be identified by anuria and oedema. CKD is often called a “silent” killer, because instead of a sign, that would render immediate evidence, CKD only provides symptoms that many don’t know to correlate to renal issues. The symptoms may also increase at the latter stages of the
Out of every thousand people in the United States, one person can say that they have experienced one of the most painful episodes one can go through. Some have said that compared to this, pregnancy is easy. Over half a million people will experience kidney stones this year, and a third of them will be hospitalized.
The job of a kidney is to filter the blood and get rid of waste products; it also balances levels of electrolyte in the body, it controlling blood pressure, and stimulates the production of red blood cells. Your kidneys filter wastes and excess fluids from your blood, which then exit your body
Prerenal acute renal failure- accounts for 60% of cases of ARF- is the most common cause of ARF and is caused by impaired renal blood flow. The GFR drops because of the decrease in filtration pressure. Poor perfusion can result from hypovolemia, hemorrhage, renal vasoconstricition, hypotension, or inadequate cardiac output. This type of renal failure may occur when chronic renal failure exists if a sudden stress is imposed on already marginally functioning kidneys. If blood volume or blood pressure and oxygen delivery is not restored, cell injury and acute tubular necrosis or acute interstitial necrosis may be caused (Perrin, 2009).
Acute renal failure condition is diagnosed and retitled as acute kidney injury. The purpose of the change of terminology was to encompass the full spectrum of the clinical manifestations associated with the syndrome. This includes a range from a small decline in kidney function to a severe impairment. Furthermore, the acute condition is characterized by a rapid loss of kidney function. In addition, associated manifestation(s) may be displayed as a rise in serum creatinine or a reduction in urine output. As a result of increase of serum creatinine or decline in urine output may developed and aggress to the clinical manifestation azotemia.
According to “MedlinePlus,” U.S. National Library of Medicine, "End-stage kidney disease is the last stage of chronic kidney disease. This is when your kidneys can no longer support your body's needs. End-stage kidney disease is also called end-stage renal disease (ESRD)” (“End-stage Kidney Disease”). Renal failure is a disease that prevents the kidneys from getting rid of wastes and extra fluids. It can damage other organs, and it may cause death.
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a disease that is described as a loss of kidney function gradually over time. As kidney function decreases, the waste collection in the body’s blood becomes high and makes the individual feel sick. This disease can lead to other complications in the body such as anemia, poor nutritional health, high blood pressure, and nerve damage. These complications will begin to progress and show as CKD progresses to advanced stages. Early detection of this disease is essential when it comes to treatment. If CKD is diagnosed early enough the disease progression can be slowed down and managed. This disease will eventually lead to failure of the kidneys
Kidney failure is the result of kidney disease that has either not been treated, or failed to respond to treatment. Some kidney diseases are: Acute kidney failure (potentially reversible), Acute nephritic syndrome, Goodpasture syndrome, Atheroembolic renal disease, Glomerulonephritis, Polycystic kidney disease, and chronic kidney failure (end stage) (United States National Library, 2010). The usual treatment for kidney failure is medication and dialysis. Dialysis is used for end stage kidney failure, when the patient has lost
The pathophysiology of acute renal failure is still uncertain though it is thought to be
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an irreversible condition that progresses causing kidney dysfunction and then to kidney failure. It is classified by a GFR of <60mL/min for longer than 3 months. There are five stages of CKD: Stage 1 has kidney damage but has a GFR ≥ 90. Stage 2 has mild damage and a GFR of 60-89. Stage 3 has moderate damage and a GFR of 30-59. Stage 4 has severe damage and a GFR of 15-29. Stage 5 is also known as end stage renal disease (ESRD), this is kidney failure with a GFR of ≤ 15 and theses patients are typically on dialysis or in need of an immediate transplant. The leading cause of CKD is diabetes. Hypertension is also a major cause. Since most DM patients have HTN,
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is among the leading causes of mortality throughout the world, and its prevalence and the health care costs resulting from it are considerable and increasing. CKD commonly is silent and asymptomatic until its late stages. Accordingly, CKD is diagnosed prior to symptomatic stage of kidney failure, resulting in delays in proper interventions and the emergence of adverse consequences in the CKD patients
Mr. Armstrong being 76-years-old likely plays a factor in his diagnosis, considering that acute renal failure is most common amongst the elderly (Singh, Levy, & Pusey 2013). Mr. Armstrong’s history of uncontrolled hypertension is likely due to primary hypertension, which is sustained increases in blood pressure due to genetics combined with environmental factors that increase vascular tone and blood volume (McCance, Huether, Brashers, & Rote, 2014). “Increased vascular volume is related to a decrease in renal excretion of salt, often referred to as a shift in the pressure-natriuresis
Hemodialysis (HD) is one of several renal replacement therapies used for the treatment of end stage kidney disease (ESKD) and kidney failure. Dialysis removes excess fluids and waste products and restores chemical and electrolyte balance. HD involves passing the patient’s blood through an artificial semipermeable membrane to perform the filtering and excretion functions of the kidney. One important step before starting regular hemodialysis sessions is preparing the vascular access; ideally, a vascular access should be placed weeks or months before you start dialysis. The
research paper, is to provide a general overview of the causes of kidney failure, shedding light on it
There are different types of renal failure such as chronic kidney disease which is a slow progression over time and it can go unnoticed for a long time. Acute renal failure occurs suddenly, happening within a few hours or a few days, if not caught in time