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Layer 3: Network - The way that the data will be sent to the recipient device is determined in this layer. Logical protocols, routing and addressing are handled here.

The fifth layer is the session layer this establishes a connection,this layer makes and sets up the connection using co ordinates and could terminate conversations links. the session layer produces services that make authentication after an interruption and not only that but it can reconnect.and as well as the transporting layer it can also have the TCP and the UDP can provide services for all most all applications.An application layer is an abstraction layer that specifies the shared protocols and interface methods used by hosts in a communications network. The application layer abstraction is used in both of the standard models of computer networking; the Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) and the Open Systems Interconnection model (OSI model).Although both models use the same term for their respective highest level layer, the detailed definitions and purposes are different.In TCP/IP, the application layer contains the communications protocols and interface methods used in process-to-process communications

When you type in a web address, e.g.www.google.com. DNS associates with the domain name, translates into IP address (for example 192.168.154.70 is the IP for google.com) and directs your Internet connection to the correct website.

• “Application - The Application Layer is the layer that most network users are exposed to, and is the level at which human communication happens. HTTP, FTP, and SMTP are examples of the application layer protocols the Patton-Fuller will now be utilizing for communicating electronically” (Network Design, 2012).

The IP address is given a unique identification it is one of kind IP address, so it can be trace for any internet activity and find the exact location of website. Domain names are used because it is easier to remember the name rather than the entire website address. All computers on the net have what area unit termed net Protocol addresses ordinarily called associate degree scientific discipline address to be ready to communicate across the network. These addresses, that area unit assigned to all or any computers on a network, area unit created of numerals separated by a dot that don't seem to be essentially simple for North American country to recollect. Therefore, whereas computers simply use these scientific discipline addresses to attach and communicate with one another, it's somewhat more difficult for North American country. It's with keeping such in mind that, net designers and controllers have return up with a translation system that identifies additional simply remembered characters with every and each scientific discipline address. With DNS we need to have the integrated namespace so following DNS use is proposed: an internal DNS namespace, used only on your own network; internal DNS to communicate with external DNS forwarding; and an external DNS namespace to communicate with external

This makes sure the data transferred is in the right order, error free and reliable from beginning to end. The Network Layer is the third layer of the model and its function is to interpret the network addresses into physical addresses and figure out how to direct them from the sender to the receiver. The next layer is the Data Link Layer, this is the second layer and it separates the data it receives from the Network layer into specific frames so they can be transmitted by the Physical layer. Frames are packages for moving data, they include the raw data, the sender and receiver’s addresses, as well as error checking and control information. This makes sure the frames are delivered to their destination without any problems. The physical layer is the first layer and the lowest, the protocols at this layer recognize and receive the frames from the Data Link layer. They also monitor data error and set data transmission

An Internet Protocol address is a numerical label given to each device participating in a network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication

The Application layer within the OSI reference model is where the application and the user communicates. In other words, the application layer is the ending of data that is transferred in visual form to the user. This layer provides the interface between the applications we use to communicate and the underlying network over which our messages are transmitted. The Application Layer functions are to provide the interface for application-specific protocols commonly used such as HyperText Transfer (HTTP), file transfer (FTP), Simple mail transfer (SMTP), Internet message Access (IMAP),

Layer 3 is the network layer and utilises multiple common protocols to perform routing on the network. Protocols consist of the Internet Protocol (IP), packet sniffing and DoS attacks such as Ping floods and ICMP attacks. Because of their layer 3 nature, these types of attacks can be performed remotely over the Internet while layer 2 attacks primarily come from the internal LAN.

The internet layer is built up of four core protocols: IP, IGMP, ICMP and ARP. Internet protocol (IP) is responsible for routing, IP addressing and breakdown/reassembly of data packets, address resolution protocol (ARP) is responsible for mapping an IP address to a device on the local network, internet control message protocol (ICMP) provides diagnostic information and error reports on lost packets, internet group management protocol (IGMP) controls who receives IP datagrams in a single transmission. The transport layer is built up of two core protocols: TCP and UDP. Transmission control protocol (TCP) sequences and acknowledges packets sent and their recovery when lost in transmission allowing the computer to make and maintain network conversations where applications exchange data, defined as a connection-oriented protocol meaning the connection is maintained until the programs has finished exchanging data. User datagram protocol (UDP) This is used to transfer small amounts of data when the use of error correction isn’t needed increasing the speed of the transmission, common in multi-player video games as the user will not need to receive packets of past events in the game so the error correction featured in (TCP) would be

Packets also known as frames are grouped amounts of data that are sent across a network. However, packets differ from frames in that a packet contains that data to be sent, including the source and destination Internet Protocol (IP) addresses. A frame is packet that contains the data, the source and destination IP addresses, Media Access Control (MAC) source and destination addresses, and error checking. The MAC addresses are added at the beginning of the data also known as a header. An error checking code is also added to the end of the data which is referred to as a trailer. After the packet has been “framed”, the frame is then sent over the networking medium (i.e. Ethernet cable).

The network layer, when it receives data on a given connection, doesn't just store it, it sends it on to the

The transport layer: This layer determines how the packets are transported such as the order and what to do if there are errors. The purpose of this layer is to make sure the data be transported correctly. Besides, due to the limitation of physic (maximum IP packet size is 65535bits), the speed of transportation is limited. As a result, this layer needs break big data in to small packets. This can also collect small data into a big packet to reduce unnecessary transmission, which can improve the transmitting speed. Example protocols are TCP, UDP, SCTP.

HTTP, also known as Hypertext Transfer Protocol, designates how information is transferred between client and server over the Web. The credit for the invention of the first HTTP is given to Tim Berners-Lee and the members of his team in 1989 (Berners-Lee). The first HTTP only had a single method called GET, which requested a single page from a server (Berners-Lee). Today, HTTP is the protocol allowing text, multimedia, etc. to be downloaded from an HTTP server. HTTP determines what actions can be requested by clients and how servers should handle the requests. HTTP clients make requests to servers running HTTP web servers. For determining what page should be downloaded, HTTP employs a uniform resource locator (URL) from a remote server. The URL comprises of the kind of request, for instance, http://, the name of the server being contacted (for example, ysu.edu), and by choice the page being requested, (for example, /records). In

A given layer in the OSI model generally communicates with three other OSI layers: the layer directly above it, the layer directly below it, and its peer layer in other networked computer systems. The data link layer in System A, for example, communicates with the network layer of System A, the physical layer of System A, and the data link layer in System B. The following figure illustrates this example.