SPSS: A Strong Negative Relationship Between The Pain Level

“Playing with Pain,” by Michelle Crouch in December, 2016, teaches us that focusing too much on one sport is not very good. Studies show that specializing in one sport actually has the opposite effect of what people think or say about it. Crouch write in the article about the experiences of Kellen Sillanpaa, a young athlete. The central idea is that if a person specializes in only one sport, there could be consequences. Some of the consequences are having pains, not being able to play a sport or do normal activities, and having a lower chance of success later in life.

What is the point in measuring something that is unique to every individual? In “The Pain Scale,” the author, Eula Biss, attempts to convey her pain to the reader. She tells the reader how she has tried to describe and measure her pain. There is a system set up for doing so, but it leaves much up to individual interpretation. The arbitrary process by which we are supposed to evaluate the level of pain we are experiencing doesn’t seem to accomplish much. Throughout the essay, Biss uses unique ways of comparing the suggested levels of pain to other “scales.” This raises the question, why can the scale, itself, doesn’t do adequate job of helping people understand pain.

Measuring Pain 1. 1. Sensory - intensity, duration, threshold, tolerance, location, etc 2. 2. Neurophysiological - brainwave activity, heart rate, etc 3. 3. Emotional and motivational - anxiety, anger, depression, resentment, etc 4. 4.

Conceptual analysis is integral in understanding nursing theory. According to Walker and Avant (1995), concept analysis allows nursing scholars to examine the attributes or characteristics of a concept. It can be used to evaluate a nursing theory and allows for examination of concepts for relevance and fit within the theory. The phenomena of pain will be discussed in this paper and how it relates to the comfort theory.

In the article “The Pain Scale”, Biss is giving a proposal to definition of the pain scale. The author scaled the pain in a numeric values represented by a scale from zero to ten. First, is the zero scale. As Biss described herself as some one who generate question instead of answering them, she thinks that pain cannot be eliminated. Meaning, zero cannot explain a situation, just like its numerical value, we cannot apply some computational operations to it. Then, the author goes to explain how zero is interpreted in Celsius and Kelvin. To illustrate her point, she used the chicken as an example. The concept of the chicken example is that when we grab the chicken by its feet and the chicken is not complaining, that does not mean that the chicken is in no pain. The moral of zero pain is that either the pain cannot be expressed or it can not be felt. Second, the author started with the stories of how she was taught what is pain and who invented the scale of zero to ten pain scale. For example, Biss’s father told her that an itch is just a damaged tissue. Biss then asks a very complex question, she said “When does pain worth measuring? With poison ivy? With a hang nail?… A razor cut?” This shows how complex it is to judge where the pain begins. Even with a trained hospice nurses, not every pain can be identified. Biss conclude the scale one by assuming that zero and one are close to each other to the point where they might equal each other. Third, the scale number two starts

Understanding of evidence based practice is key for making clinical decisions. Every day clinicians use pain scales and depression scales. Quantitative research brings understanding to topics such as: primary care outcomes of nurse practitioners, modifiable health risks effect on health care costs, pain management, blood pressure monitoring. Quantitative research is made up of different types of research. Descriptive research is used to describe concepts, identify relationships among variables, or compare and contrast groups. Correlational research examines the strength of relationships among variables. Quasi-experimental studies determine the effect of an independent variable (treatment) on designated dependent variables (outcomes). Experimental studies are done in controlled settings to determine the effect of an independent variable on a dependent variable (Gray, Grove, & Sutherland, 2017).

There are many various kinds of prescription of pain relievers, which include: opioids, corticosteroids, antidepressants and anticonvulsants (anti-seizure medications). Among them I would like to focus on opioid medications and its side effects. Opioid medications are narcotic pain medications that contain natural poppy plant, synthetic opiates such as; methadone, fentanyl, tapentadol and tramadol, as well as the semi- synthetic opioids such as; oxycodone, hydrocodone, oxymorphone, hydromorphone and heroin. Opioid prescriptions are morphine (C17H19NO3), heroin (C21H23NO5), codeine (C18H21NO3) and thebaine (C19H21NO3). They are highly addictive substances are called opiates. Opioid medications have been used for hundreds and thousands of years to treat both pain and mental health problems. It is also use in a short-term pain after surgery. According to the survey in the past two decades, the prescription of opioid in the United States has been increased to the higher levels that is more than 600% (Paulozzi & Baldwin, 2012). However, that opioid medications are very dangerous to the patients’ respiratory system, other parts of the internal body and even can cause death. It should be only being use after wise discernment and with a great care.

The current study was designed to explore whether people with chronic musculoskeletal pain show interpretation bias favoring pain-related interpretations of ambiguous real-world images with both possible pain-related and non-pain related interpretations. The results did not support the hypothesis that chronic musculoskeletal pain participants, compared to healthy control participants, would interpret ambiguous real-world images in pain-related ways. No significant effects were found for written responses or endorsement of statements.

The proper way to ensure that this is not a constant problem is to make sure that initial pain assessments as well as re-assessments are done in a timely manner. It seems as though the initial pain assessment was completed using the pain scale but the re-assessment was not complete and documented in the proper amount of time. In order to ensure proper documentation of the re-assessment once the first pain assessment has been completed and an intervention has properly been administered, the first action step will be to make sure that the reassessment is complete within one hour of pain intervention. With electronic mars it is easy to build in a recheck into the system to alert the nurse that a reassessment is needed once the pain medication has been administered to the patient. When a pain intervention is done, a flag will come up to remind the nurse taking care of the patient that a reassessment is due. This will also resolve the issue on the tracer audit of how does the nurse know the intervention worked. Another issue on the audit was if no pain intervention was done what was the reason for it not being done.

Pain threshold is the point when a stimulus causes pain. Pain threshold limit varies between everyone and the reason for that is because of the genes you inherited from your ancestors. Controlling these genes can result in higher pain threshold or higher pain sensitivity, as the pain threshold depends on your genetics. Sensing pain has been a survival trait for all mankind, making us avoid scenarios that will harm our body. Although having a sense of pain is very useful, what if we are able to control when we feel pain and how much we feel? Both cases have their positives and negatives.The average set of COMT genes is one Valine form of the gene, and one Methionine, the normal pain threshold.The version of your COMT gene depends in your genetics, the combination creates your pain threshold, and the COMT and be used in the medical field.

Identify the following for the research study selected (choose 1 or 2 NOT BOTH): 8 pts.

In an article entitled Pain Assessment Using Self-reported, Nurse-reported, and Observational Pain Assessment Tools among Older Individuals with Cognitive Impairment

I titled and quoted from the ‘The Pleasure of the Pain' "Some people have to be tied up top be free” for the sheer fact that those words show a profoundness. Whats being said is so much larger then the actual words themselves. It resonates more psychologically then sexually. That to be restrained is freeing for some souls. Dare I compare to a therapeutic response. I see such similarities in this statement that sheds light on this. Therapy is having a positive affect on ones body and mind or sense of well being. Some might argue that being tied- up, flogged or “abused” in some fashion is very much the opposite, and I tend to disagree with that.

The International Association for the Study of Pain defines pain as “an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage” (1979). Pain is actually the culprit behind warranting a visit to a physician office for many people (Besson, 1999). Notoriously unpleasant, pain could also pose a threat as both a psychological and economic burden (Phillips, 2006). Sometimes pain does happen without any damage of tissue or any likely diseased state. The reasons for such pain are poorly understood and the term used to describe such type of pain is “psychogenic pain”. Also, the loss of productivity and daily activity due to pain is also significant. Pain engulfs a trillion dollars of GDP for lost work time and disability payments (Melnikova, 2010). Untreated pain not only impacts a person suffering from pain but also impacts their whole family. A person’s quality of life is negatively impacted by pain and it diminishes their ability to concentrate, work, exercise, socialize, perform daily routines, and sleep. All of these negative impacts ultimately lead to much more severe behavioral effects such as depression, aggression, mood alterations, isolation, and loss of self-esteem, which pose a great threat to human society.

Univariate analysis of the relationship between the number of pain sites and the examined variablesThe results derived from the univariate analysis are presented in Table 2. A significant association between the mean values of NPS and almost all the examined variables were observed. As excepted females had a significantly higher mean NPS compared to men ( 2.2 vs 1.4, p< 0.001). The univariate association between NPS, educational level, BMI and overall life satisfaction did not retain in the multivariate model. Income did not contribute to the multivariate model. The multiple regression model with all exploratory factors explained 20.0% of the total variance (R2=0.20, p <0.001, Table 3, Model 1). The strongest positive association was observed